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Selichot

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Crowd performing Selichot and Annulment of Vows (Hatarat Nedarim) at the Western Wall in Jerusalem.
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Selichot prayer leaf (c. 8th–9th century) discovered in the famous Mogao Caves of Dunhuang, Gansu, China in 1908 by Paul Pelliot.

Selichot (Hebrew: סְלִיחוֹת, romanized: səliḥoṯ, singular: סליחה, səliḥā) are Jewish penitential poems and prayers, especially those said in the period leading up to the High Holidays, and on fast days. The Thirteen Attributes of Mercy are a central theme throughout these prayers.

Selichot of the High Holidays

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Man reciting Slichot prayers at the Western Wall, 2008
Another man with a shofar during the Slichot prayers, also at the Western Wall.

In the Sephardic tradition, recital of Selichot in preparation for the High Holidays begins on the second day of the Hebrew month of Elul. In the Ashkenazi tradition, in years where the first day of Rosh Hashanah begins on a Thursday or Saturday, selichot are recited from the Saturday night before Rosh Hashanah. If, however, the first day of Rosh Hashanah falls on a Monday or Tuesday, selichot are recited from the Saturday night more than a week before Rosh Hashanah to ensure that it is recited at least four times. This may be because originally the pious would fast for ten days during the season of repentance, and four days before Rosh Hashanah were added to compensate for the four of the Ten Days of Repentance on which fasting is forbidden – the two days of Rosh Hashanah, Shabbat Shuvah, and the day preceding Yom Kippur—and, while the fasts are observed by very few today, the Selichot that accompanied them have been retained. Alternatively, the Rosh Hashanah liturgy includes the Biblical phrase "you shall observe a burnt offering", and like an offering which needs to be scrutinised for defects for four days, so too four days of self-searching are needed before the day of judgment.[1]

In the Italian rite, selichot always begin on a Monday or Thursday shortly before Rosh Hashanah. If Rosh Hashanah falls on Monday, they begin the previous Monday. If Rosh Hashanah falls on a Tuesday, they begin on the Monday eight days before. If Rosh Hashana falls on Thursday, they begin the previous Thursday. If Rosh Hashanah falls on Shabbat, they begin the Monday of that week.[2]

Selichot refers to both the piyyutim that compose the service as well as to the service itself. In most Sephardic communities, selichot services are identical each day. However, some North African communities recited different selichot on Mondays, Thursdays and Shabbat, following the order in Siftei Renanot, while keeping the "standard" order on days without Torah Reading.[3] In the Eastern Ashkenazic tradition, although the text and length of specific prayers varies from day to day, the overall format remains the same and is prefaced by Ashrei (Psalms 145) and the Half-Kaddish. In the Western Ashkenazic tradition, there is similarly an overall format, but it begins with Adon Olam or Lecha Hashem Ha'Tzedaka, and the Half-Kaddish follows the first set of the thirteen attributes.[4]

Selichot are usually recited between midnight and dawn. Some recite it at night after the Maariv prayer, or in the morning before Shacharit, due to the convenience of synagogue attendance when a prayer is already taking place there.

The most popular night of Selichot in the Ashkenazi tradition is the first night, when many women and girls as well as men and boys attend the late-night service on Saturday night. In some communities, the hazzan wears a kittel and sings elaborate melodies. In some congregations, it is not unusual for a choir to participate in this first night's service.[5] In the Eastern Ashkenazic tradition, this night also has more Selichot than any other night prior to Rosh Hashanah eve. The other nights are sometimes more sparsely attended and those services are often led by a layperson, rather than a trained musician, and with melodies that are less elaborate than the first night.

In addition to the Selichot of the High Holiday period, the recitation of Selichot on Yom Kippur itself is the centerpiece and most important part of the liturgy,[6] recited in all of the prayers of the day. Beginning in the late 19th Century,[7] many communities in Eastern Europe stopped reciting Selichot except at Maariv and Neilah.[8] Western Ashkenazic communities, as well as a small number of Eastern Ashkenazic communities, maintain the recitation of Selichot in all of the prayers of Yom Kippur. Italian rite communities recite Selichot on Yom Kippur in all of the prayers except Musaf. Sephardic communities also recite Selichot at all of the prayers of Yom Kippur, although they recite them after the Chazzan's repetition rather than as a part of it.

Categories of Selichot

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Categories of Selichot in the Ashkenazic tradition may include:

  • Selichah (סליחה 'forgiveness') – This is the default Selichah and comprises the vast majority of the Selichot service. These can be subdivided into categories of Sheinya (with two line stanzas), Shelishiya (with three line stanzas) and Shalmonit (with four line stanzas).
  • Pizmon (פזמון 'chorus') – These central Selichot vary according to the day and contain a chorus which is repeated after each stanza.
  • Akeidah (עקידה 'binding', a word which specifically refers to the Binding of Isaac) – This Selichah contains the theme of the Akeidah as a merit for God answering our prayers. It begins to appear on Rosh Hashanah eve and is placed immediately before or after the Pizmon.
  • Chatanu (חטאנו 'we have sinned') – Starting on the evening before Rosh Hashanah [and in the Western rites, even on the first days] and continuing through Yom Kippur, this Selichah is said after the final recitation of the Thirteen Attributes and before the Vidui confessional. It contains as its refrain, "חטאנו צורנו סלח לנו יוצרנו" ('We have sinned, our Rock; forgive us, our Creator'). Perhaps the most famous Chatanu Selichah is the martyrology from the Midrash Eleh Ezkerah recited in the Eastern Ashkenazic rite during Musaf on Yom Kippur or at other times in other rites. The recitation of this refrain has been partially or entirely abandoned in many communities.
  • Techinah (תחינה 'petition') – This Selichah begins to appear on the eve of Rosh Hashanah and other days in some rites, during Tachnun at the very end of the Selichot service.

Selichot of Fast Days

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On minor fast days (including the Fast of Behav), some communities recite Selichot after the conclusion of the Shacharit Amidah.[9][10] The content of these prayers is related to the specific fast day. In some communities (especially Western Ashkenazic communities, but also some Eastern Ashkenazic communities), the older practice is maintained to insert the recitation of the Selichot of minor fast days in the middle of the blessing for forgiveness (סלח לנו כי חטאנו) in the repetition of the Shacharit Amidah.

In Ashkenazic commuinities, Selichot are recited on the Fast of Gedaliah only before the prayer service like the selichot of the High Holidays; in many Sephardic communities, additional selichot are recited after the Amidah just like any other fast day. Selichot are not recited in any community today on the major fast day of Tisha B'Av, although they were recited by the Geonim of Babylonia.[11]

Prayer book Selichot Minhag from Colmar, 1775, made by David Sulzburg, in the collection of the Jewish Museum of Switzerland.  

Selichot on other occasions

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In addition to High Holidays and Fast Days, there were communities that recited Selichot on Hoshana Rabbah.[12]

Additionally, in the early modern period, there were "shomerim la-boker societies" which recited Selichot on every day of the year that Tachanun is recited.[13]

Selichot rites

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There are at least thirteen Ashkenazic printed rites for selichot:[14]

The following eight are variations of the Western Ashkenazic rite:

  1. Frankfurt and its surroundings[15]
  2. Alsace[16]
  3. Italian Ashkenazim[17]
  4. Nuremberg and Fürth[18]
  5. Switzerland and Swabia[19]
  6. Worms[20]
  7. Cologne[21]
  8. Floß[22]

The following five are variations of the Eastern Ashkenazic rite:

  1. Poland (Polin)[23]
  2. Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia, and Hungary[24]
  3. Lithuania and Samogitia (Lita and Zamut)[25]
  4. Poznań and Grodno[26]
  5. Old Synagogue in Prague[27]

Among 21st century Ashkenazi Jewish communities, the Polin and Lita variations are dominant, although Bohemia is the most common in England. Some associate Lita with Nusach Ashkenaz and Polin with Nusach Sefard, likely because in early 20th Century most Jews in Poland had adopted Nusach Sefard, whereas most Jews in Lithuania maintained Nusach Ashkenaz. However, the differences between Polin and Lita Selichot have origins several hundred years before the advent of Nusach Sefard, and the minhagim were geographic rather than ideological. Chabad recites Selichot according to Nusach Lita because they are from Lithuania, and there are Polish mitnagdim who recite Selichot according to Nusach Polin.

The poems recited in the major variations, with their assigned numbers, are as follows (page numbers in square brackets):

Title Frankfurt[28][29] Bohemia,
Moravia, Silesia,
Hungary[30] 		Lita[31] Polin[32]
Day No. Day No. Day No. Day No.
אָב לְרַחֵם וְרַב סְלוֹחַ חוֹלַלְתָּנוּ‎ ‎ 5 of TDR 104[28]: 338  Erev RH 37[31]: 100 
אָבְדוּ חַכְמֵי גָזִית‎ ‎ 4 of TDR 93[28]: 322 
אֲבוֹתַי כְּרַבְתָּ רִיבָם‎ ‎ 6 31[28]: 70 
אָבְלָה נַפְשִׁי‎ ‎ FG 61[28]: 278  FG 44[30]: 64  FG 48[31]: 130  FG 44[32]: 301 
אָדוֹן, בִּינָה הַגִיגֵנוּ‎ ‎ 1 6[28]: 18  2 of TDR 67[31]: 165 
אָדוֹן, בְּפָקְדְךָ אֱנוֹשׁ לַבְּקָרִים‎ ‎ Erev RH 38[28]: 84  Erev RH 29[30]: 40  Erev RH 34[31]: 95  Erev RH 29[32]: 234 
אָדוֹן, בְּפָקְדְךָ אֱנוֹשׁ לַבְּקָרִים‎ ‎ Erev YK 113[28]: 353  Erev YK 88[30]: 106  Erev YK 98[31]: 218  Erev YK 86[32]: 476 
אָדוֹן, בְּשָׁפְטְךָ אֱנוֹשׁ רִמָּה‎ ‎ Erev RH 39[28]: 85  Erev RH 28[30]: 39  Erev RH 35[31]: 97  Erev RH 30[32]: 237 
אָדוֹן, בְּשָׁפְטְךָ אֱנוֹשׁ רִמָּה‎ ‎ Erev YK 114[28]: 353 
אָדוֹן, דִּין אִם יְדֻקְדַּק‎ ‎ Erev RH 48[28]: 99  Erev RH 34[30]: 44  Erev RH 28[32]: 232 
אָדוֹן, דִּין אִם יְדֻקְדַּק‎ ‎ Erev YK 122[28]: 353  Erev YK 89[30]: 106  Erev YK 99[31]: 218  Erev YK 85[32]: 474 
אָדוֹן, מוֹעֵד כְּתִקַּח‎ ‎ Erev RH 40[33][28]: 86  Erev RH 25[30]: 35  Erev RH 25[31]: 67  Erev RH 27[32]: 230 
אָדוֹן, מוֹעֵד כְּתִקַּח‎ ‎ Erev YK 112[28]: 353 
אָדוֹן, מִשְׁפָּט בְּקִרְבָּךְ‎ ‎ 7 36[28]: 81 
אָדָם אֵיךְ יִזְכֶּה‎ ‎ Erev RH 33[30]: 43  Erev RH 32[32]: 241 
אֲדֹנָי שְׁמָעָה אֲדֹנָי סְלָחָה‎ ‎ 4 20[28]: 49 
אַהֲבַת עִזּוּז וְתוֹקֶף חִבָּה‎ ‎ Erev YK 126[28]: 353  5 of TDR 86[30]: 104 
אֹהֶל שִׁכֵּן אִם רִקֵּן‎ ‎ 4 of TDR 96[28]: 327 
אוֹדֶה עֲלֵי פִשְׁעִי‎ ‎ 4 of TDR 98[28]: 329 
אֱוִילֵי הַמַּתְעֶה מַרְגִּיז וּמַחֲטִיא‎ ‎ Erev RH 32[30]: 42 
אֱוִילֵי מִדֶּרֶךְ פִּשְׁעָם‎ ‎ 5 of TDR 108[28]: 344 
אִוִּיתִיךָ קִוִּיתִיךָ מֵאֶרֶץ מֶרְחַקִּים‎ ‎ 4 18[28]: 46  2 7[30]: 18  2 6[31]: 33  5 14[32]: 155 
אוֹמֶץ יוֹסִיף טְהוֹר יָדַיִם‎ ‎ 5 of TDR 83[30]: 101  5 of TDR 91[31]: 208 
אוֹרַח צְדָקָה‎ ‎ FG 64[28]: 282 
אוֹרְךָ וַאֲמִתְּךָ שְׁלַח‎ ‎ Erev RH 47[28]: 97  2 of TDR 55[30]: 74  FG 50[31]: 133  FG 46[32]: 306 
אוֹרְךָ וַאֲמִתְּךָ שְׁלַח‎ ‎ Erev YK 121[28]: 353 
אָז בְּהַר מוֹר‎ ‎ 5 of TDR 106[28]: 341  Erev RH 39[30]: 50  5 of TDR 92[31]: 211  FG 49[32]: 314 
אָז טֶרֶם נִמְתְּחוּ נִבְלֵי שְׁכָבִים‎ ‎ 5 of TDR 100[28]: 332  FG 42[30]: 62  FG 46[31]: 126  FG 42[32]: 294 
אָז קַשְׁתִּי וְחַרְבִּי‎ ‎ 4 21[28]: 50 
אֱזוֹן תַּחַן‎ ‎ 5 24[28]: 57  5 of TDR 84[30]: 103  5 of TDR 89[31]: 204  5 of TDR 81[32]: 453 
אָזְנְךָ הַטֵּה וְהַקְשֵׁב‎ ‎ 5 of TDR 80[30]: 98 
אֶזְעַק אֶל אֶלֹהִים קוֹלִי‎ ‎ 3 of TDR 64[30]: 84  Erev RH 36[31]: 98  2 of TDR 55[32]: 342 
אֶזְרָחִי הֵעִיר מִמִזְרָח‎ ‎ 3 of TDR 74[31]: 178 
אֶזְרָחִי מֵעֵבֶר הַנָּהָר‎ ‎ FG 66[28]: 285  4 of TDR 76[30]: 95  2 of TDR 65[31]: 163  3 of TDR 66[32]: 385 
אַיֵּה כָּל נִפְלְאוֹתֶיךָ הַגְּדוֹלוֹת וְהַנּוֹרָאוֹת‎ ‎ 3 14[28]: 40  4 12[30]: 22  4 12[31]: 42  4 12[32]: 138 
אַיֵּה קִנְאָתְךָ וּגְבוּרֹתֶךָ‎ ‎ 2 6[30]: 17  6 18[31]: 54  5 15[32]: 157 
אֲיַחֵד צוּרִי בְּרוֹב הוֹדָאוֹת‎ ‎ FG 56[31]: 145 
אֵיךְ אוּכַל לָבֹא עָדֶיךָ‎ ‎ 4 of TDR 91[28]: 318  2 of TDR 64[31]: 160  3 of TDR 64[32]: 379 
אֵיךְ נִפְתַּח פֶּה לְפָנֶיךָ‎ ‎ 1 1[34][28]: 7  1 1[30]: 6  1 1[31]: 8  1 1[32]: 63 
אֵיךְ נִפְתַּח פֶּה לְפָנֶיךָ‎ ‎ FG 60[28]: 278 
אֵיכָכָה אֶפְצֶה פֶּה‎ ‎ 5 of TDR 103[28]: 336  Erev RH 24[31]: 65  Erev RH 24[32]: 215 
אֵין כְּמִדַּת בָּשָׂר מִדָּתֶךָ‎ ‎ 3 12[28]: 36  5 15[30]: 25  3 8[31]: 35  2 6[32]: 100 
אֵין מִי יִקְרָא בְצֶדֶק‎ ‎ 5 22[28]: 53  1 2[30]: 8  1 2[31]: 11  1 2[32]: 69 
אֵין תְּלוּיָה לְרֹאשׁ‎ ‎ 7 21[30]: 30 
אֵיתָן לִמַּד דַּעַת‎ ‎ 2 of TDR 76[28]: 299  3 of TDR 67[30]: 86  4 of TDR 83[31]: 195  2 of TDR 58[32]: 352 
אַךְ בְּךָ לַדָּל מָעוֹז‎ ‎ Erev RH 43[28]: 91  Erev RH 31[30]: 41  Erev RH 31[32]: 239 
אַךְ בְּךָ לַדָּל מָעוֹז‎ ‎ Erev YK 117[28]: 353 
אַךְ בְּךָ מִקְוֵה יִשְׂרָאֵל‎ ‎ 4 of TDR 92[28]: 320  2 of TDR 61[31]: 153  3 of TDR 61[32]: 369 
אַךְ בְּמֵתַח דִּין‎ ‎ Erev RH 41[28]: 88  Erev RH 30[30]: 41  Erev RH 33[32]: 244 
אַךְ בְּמֵתַח דִּין‎ ‎ Erev YK 115[28]: 353 
אֶל אֱלוֹהַּ דָּלְפָה עֵינִי‎ ‎ Erev RH 27[30]: 37  Erev RH 28[31]: 72  Erev RH 26[32]: 223 
אֶל אֱלֹקִים אֶצְעֲקָה בְּמִלּוּלִי‎ ‎ Erev YK 128[28]: 356 
אֵל אֱמוּנָה עֶזְרָה הָבָה‎ ‎ Erev RH 29[31]: 77  Erev RH 34[32]: 246 
אַל בְּאַפְּךָ פֶּן תַּמְעִיט‎ ‎ Erev RH 44[28]: 92 
אַל בְּאַפְּךָ פֶּן תַּמְעִיט‎ ‎ Erev YK 118[28]: 353 
אֶל הַר הַמּוֹר‎ ‎ 3 of TDR 86[28]: 312  2 of TDR 58[30]: 77  5 of TDR 83[32]: 458 
אַל יִמְעַט לְפָנֶיךָ‎ ‎ 7 22[30]: 31 
אֵל נָא רְפָא נָא‎ ‎ 5 26[28]: 60 
אַל נָא תְּיַסֵּר בָּאֵי עָדֶיךָ‎ ‎ Erev RH 42[28]: 90 
אַל נָא תְּיַסֵּר בָּאֵי עָדֶיךָ‎ ‎ Erev YK 116[28]: 353 
אַל תָּבוֹא בְּמִשְׁפָּט עִמָּנוּ‎ ‎ Erev RH 37[32]: 260 
אֵלֶה אֶזְכְּרָה‎ ‎ Erev RH 55[28]: 113 
אֵלֶיךָ ה' אֶקְרָא אָיוֹם‎ ‎ 6 27[28]: 61  4 of TDR 69[32]: 401 
אֵלֶיךָ ה' שִׁוַּעְתִּי‎ ‎ 2 of TDR 75[28]: 298  4 of TDR 72[30]: 90  3 of TDR 62[32]: 374 
אֵלֶיךָ הָאֵל‎ ‎ 3 of TDR 70[31]: 168 
אֵלֶיךָ לֵב וָנֶפֶשׁ‎ ‎ 2 of TDR 70[28]: 290  3 of TDR 60[30]: 80  2 of TDR 60[31]: 152  2 of TDR 52[32]: 334 
אֵלֶיךָ נְשׂוּאוֹת עֵינֵינוּ‎ ‎ 4 17[28]: 45  3 9[32]: 120 
אֵלֶיךָ צוּרִי כַּפַּיִם שִׁטַחתִּי‎ ‎ Erev RH 41[31]: 108 
אֵלְכָה וְאָשׁוּבָה‎ ‎ 3 of TDR 63[30]: 83  2 of TDR 54[32]: 338 
אֱלֹקַי בּוֹשְׁתִּי‎ ‎ 2 of TDR 52[30]: 71 
אֱלֹקִים אֲדֹנָי חֵילִי‎ ‎ 4 of TDR 73[30]: 91  5 of TDR 90[31]: 206 
אֱלֹקִים אֵין בִּלְתֶּךָ‎ ‎ Erev RH 46[28]: 95  FG 46[30]: 66  2 of TDR 63[31]: 158  3 of TDR 63[32]: 376 
אֱלֹקִים אֵין בִּלְתֶּךָ‎ ‎ Erev YK 120[28]: 353 
אֱלֹקִים אַל דֳּמִי לְדָמִי‎ ‎ Erev RH 50[28]: 102 
אֱלֹקִים אַל דֳּמִי לְדָמִי‎ ‎ Erev YK 124[28]: 353 
אֱלֹקִים אַל דֳּמִי, אֵל נִקְשָׁר בִּשְׁמִי‎ ‎ 5 of TDR 105[28]: 339 
אֱלֹקִים בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל גָּדוֹל נוֹדָעְתָּ‎ ‎ 7 33[28]: 75  5 15[31]: 48  5 of TDR 78[32]: 441 
אֱלֹקִים יִרְאֶה לּוֹ שֶׂה‎ ‎ Erev RH 30[31]: 80 
אִם אָמְרִי אֶשְׁכְּחָה‎ ‎ 3 of TDR 81[28]: 304  5 16[30]: 25 
אִם אָפֵס רֹבַע הַקֵּן‎ ‎ FG 49[30]: 69  FG 52[31]: 137  4 of TDR 74[32]: 420 
אִם עֲו‍ֹנֵינוּ עָנוּ בָנוּ‎ ‎ 6 30[28]: 67  7 22[31]: 60 
אִם עֲוֹנֵינוּ רַבּוּ לְהַגְדִּיל‎ ‎ 2 9[28]: 32  1 3[30]: 9  2 5[31]: 31  2 5[32]: 98 
אָמוֹן פִּתְחֵי תְשׁוּבָה‎ ‎ 5 of TDR 96[31]: 216 
אֱמוּנִים בְּנֵי מַאֲמִינִים‎ ‎ Erev RH 52[28]: 106 
אָמְנָם אֲנַחְנוּ חָטָאנוּ וְהֶעֱוִינוּ‎ ‎ 4 of TDR 79[31]: 184 
אִמַּנְתָּ מֵאָז‎ ‎ FG 62[28]: 279  FG 45[30]: 65  FG 49[31]: 131  FG 45[32]: 303 
אָמַרְנוּ נִגְזַרְנוּ לָנוּ‎ ‎ 3 of TDR 84[28]: 309  4 of TDR 74[30]: 93  2 of TDR 56[32]: 344 
אֱמֶת אַתָּה הוּא רִאשׁוֹן‎ ‎ Erev RH 31[31]: 83 
אָנָּא הַבֵּט‎ ‎ Erev RH 58[28]: 119 
אָנָּא הַבֵּט‎ ‎ Erev YK 130[28]: 360 
אָנָּא עוֹרְרָה אַהֲבָתְךָ‎ ‎ Erev RH 26[30]: 36  Erev RH 27[31]: 70  Erev RH 25[32]: 218 
אֱנוֹשׁ, בַּמֶּה יִצְדַּק‎ ‎ 5 of TDR 101[28]: 333  3 of TDR 62[30]: 82 
אֱנוֹשׁ, עַד דַּכָּא תָּשֵׁב‎ ‎ 3 of TDR 82[28]: 305  3 of TDR 61[30]: 80 
אֲנַחְנוּ הַחֹמֶר וְאַתָּה יוֹצְרֵנוּ‎ ‎ 2 of TDR 54[30]: 73  7 20[32]: 193 
אֲנִי בְּרֹב חַסְדְּךָ‎ ‎ 2 of TDR 71[28]: 291  5 of TDR 77[32]: 437 
אֲנִי יוֹם אִירָא אֵלֶיךָ אֶקְרָא‎ ‎ 2 8[28]: 30  6 18[30]: 27  3 9[31]: 37  4 11[32]: 135 
אֲנִי עַבְדְּךָ בֶּן אֲמָתֶךָ‎ ‎ Erev RH 53[28]: 108 
אֲנִי קְרָאתִיךָ‎ ‎ 4 11[31]: 41  2 of TDR 53[32]: 336 
אֶנְקַת מְסַלְדֶיךָ‎ ‎ Erev RH 43[31]: 122 
אַנְשֵׁי אֲמָנָה אָבָדוּ‎ ‎ 1 2[28]: 11 
אַנְשֵׁי אֲמָנָה עָבָרוּ‎ ‎ 1 3[28]: 13 
אָפֵס הוֹד כְּבוֹדָהּ‎ ‎ 5 of TDR 102[28]: 335  7 21[31]: 59 
אֶקְרָא אֶל אֱלֹקִים קוֹלִי‎ ‎ 3 of TDR 85[28]: 311 
אֶקְרָא בְשִׁמְךָ לְהַחֲזִיק בָּךְ‎ ‎ 3 9[30]: 19  6 17[31]: 52 
אַרְבָּעָה אבוֹת נְזִיקִין הֵן‎ ‎ 4 of TDR 80[31]: 186 
אָרִיד בְּשִׂיחִי‎ ‎ 3 16[28]: 43  4 of TDR 85[31]: 198 
אַרְיֵה בַיַּעַר דָּמִיתִי‎ ‎ 3 of TDR 83[28]: 308  4 13[30]: 23  2 of TDR 62[31]: 156  7 21[32]: 196 
אָרְכוּ הַיָּמִים‎ ‎ 5 23[28]: 55  6 18[32]: 175 
אַרְכָן וְקַצְרָן‎ ‎ 6 28[28]: 63 
אֲשַׁם בַּעֲלֵי אַשְׁמָה‎ ‎ 2 of TDR 53[30]: 72 
אֶשְׁמְרָה אֵלֶיךָ עֻזִּי‎ ‎ 3 of TDR 88[28]: 314 
אֶשְׁפּוֹךְ שִׂיחִי לְפָנֶיךָ צוּרִי‎ ‎ Erev RH 49[28]: 100 
אֶשְׁפּוֹךְ שִׂיחִי לְפָנֶיךָ צוּרִי‎ ‎ Erev YK 123[28]: 353 
אֵשֶׁת נְעוּרִים הָאֲהוּבָה‎ ‎ 4 of TDR 69[30]: 88  4 of TDR 78[31]: 184 
אֶת ה' בְּהִמָּצְאוֹ‎ ‎ 2 of TDR 72[28]: 293  FG 43[30]: 63  FG 47[31]: 128  FG 43[32]: 298 
אֶת הַקּוֹל קוֹל יַעֲקֹב נוֹהֵם‎ ‎ Erev RH 51[28]: 105 
אֶת הַקּוֹל קוֹל יַעֲקֹב נוֹהֵם‎ ‎ Erev YK 125[28]: 353 
אֶת פְּנֵי מֵבִין יוֹדְעֵי דִּין דָּל‎ ‎ 7 32[28]: 73 
אֶת צוֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִי‎ ‎ FG 63[28]: 280 
אַתָּה אֱלֹקַי מַלְכִּי מִקֶּדֶם‎ ‎ 4 of TDR 70[30]: 88 
אַתָּה הָרוֹאֶה בְּעֶלְבּוֹן נֶעֱלָבִים‎ ‎ 5 of TDR 79[30]: 97 
אַתָּה חֶלְקִי וְצוּר לְבָבִי‎ ‎ 4 of TDR 95[28]: 325  5 of TDR 82[30]: 100  4 of TDR 81[31]: 189  5 of TDR 79[32]: 444 
אַתָּה מִקֶּדֶם אֱלֹהֵינוּ‎ ‎ 3 13[28]: 38  4 of TDR 70[32]: 406 
בְּאַשְׁמֹרֶת הַבֹּקֶר קְרָאתִיךָ אֵל מְהֻלָּל‎ ‎ 3 of TDR 87[28]: 313  4 14[30]: 24  2 of TDR 66[31]: 164  4 13[32]: 139 
בֵּין כֶּסֶה לֶעָשׂוֹר‎ ‎ 2 of TDR 57[30]: 76  4 of TDR 84[31]: 197  2 of TDR 57[32]: 349 
בְּמוֹצָאֵי מְנוּחָה קִדַּמְנוּךָ תְּחִלָּה‎ ‎ 1 5[28]: 17  1 5[30]: 10  1 4[31]: 16  1 4[32]: 78 
בְּתוּלַת בַּת יְהוּדָה‎ ‎ 6 19[30]: 28  7 20[31]: 57 
גָּדוֹל עֲוֹנִי וְלַחֲטוֹא הוֹסַפְתִּי‎ ‎ 2 of TDR 78[28]: 302 
גְרוֹנִי נִחַר זוֹעֵק חָמָס‎ ‎ FG 59[31]: 150 
ה' אֱלֹהֵי הַצְבָאוֹת‎ ‎ Erev RH 37[28]: 83  Erev RH 24[30]: 33  Erev RH 23[31]: 62  Erev RH 23[32]: 211 
ה' אֱלֹקֵי הַצְבָאוֹת נוֹרָא בָעֶלְיוֹנִים‎ ‎ Erev YK 111[28]: 352 
ה' אֱלֹקֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל‎ ‎ 7 34[28]: 76  4 of TDR 71[30]: 89  5 of TDR 88[31]: 203 
ה' אֱלֹקַי רַבַּת צְרָרוּנִי‎ ‎ Erev RH 45[28]: 93 
ה' אֱלֹקַי רַבַּת צְרָרוּנִי‎ ‎ Erev YK 119[28]: 353 
ה' ה' אֵל רַחוּם‎ ‎ 5 25[28]: 58  5 of TDR 85[30]: 103  5 of TDR 93[31]: 213  5 of TDR 82[32]: 456 
ה' שׁוֹמְרִי לְבֵיתְךָ נָאֲוָה‎ ‎ 5 of TDR 110[28]: 350 
הוֹרֵיתָ דֶרֶךְ תְּשׁוּבָה‎ ‎ FG 67[28]: 287  FG 48[30]: 67  FG 53[31]: 139  FG 48[32]: 311 
וּבְכֵן יְהִי רָצוֹן מִלְּפָנֶיךָ‎ ‎ Erev RH 57[28]: 118 
זְכוֹר בְּרִית אַבְרָהָם‎ ‎ Erev RH 56[28]: 117  Erev RH 40[30]: 51  Erev RH 42[31]: 111  Erev RH 40[32]: 267 
זְכוֹר בְּרִית אַבְרָהָם‎ ‎ Erev YK 129[28]: 360 
זְכוֹר בְּרִית אַבְרָהָם‎ ‎ FG 54[31]: 140  FG 50[32]: 318 
זְכוֹר בְּרִית אַבְרָהָם‎ ‎ 5 of TDR 95[31]: 216 
חוֹקֵר הַכֹּל וְסוֹקֵר‎ ‎ 6 20[30]: 29  4 13[31]: 44 
חָטָאנוּ צוּרֵנוּ‎ ‎ 5 of TDR 94[31]: 214 
חַיִּים אֲרוּכִים‎ ‎ Erev RH 32[31]: 86  Erev RH 35[32]: 250 
חָנֵּנוּ ה' חָנֵּנוּ‎ ‎ 7 23[30]: 33  6 19[32]: 180 
יוֹשֵׁב בְּגָבְהֵי מְרוֹמִים‎ ‎ 2 11[28]: 34  3 of TDR 76[31]: 181 
יוֹשֵׁב בְּסֵתֶר עֶלְיוֹן‎ ‎ 4 of TDR 75[30]: 94  6 19[31]: 55  7 22[32]: 198 
יַחְבִּיאֵנוּ צֵל יָדוֹ‎ ‎ 5 17[30]: 26  3 of TDR 65[32]: 382 
יַעֲזוֹב רָשָׁע נְתִיבוֹ‎ ‎ FG 57[31]: 147 
יָקרוּ רֵעֶיךָ רַב מְחוֹלֵל‎ ‎ FG 55[31]: 142 
יְרוּשָׁלַיִם אֶת ה'‎ ‎ 3 of TDR 73[31]: 173 
יֵרָצֶה צוֹם עַמְּךָ‎ ‎ Erev YK 127[28]: 355  Erev YK 90[30]: 106  Erev YK 100[31]: 220  Erev YK 87[32]: 479 
יַשְׁמִיעֵנוּ סָלַחְתִּי‎ ‎ 3 of TDR 66[30]: 85  5 16[31]: 50  4 of TDR 73[32]: 417 
יִשְׂרָאֵל נוֹשַׁע בַּה' תְּשׁוּעַת עוֹלָמִים‎ ‎ 3 15[28]: 42  2 8[30]: 18  2 7[31]: 34  3 10[32]: 122 
יִשְׂרָאֵל עַמְּךָ תְּחִנָּה עוֹרְכִים‎ ‎ 2 7[28]: 29  5 14[31]: 46  3 8[32]: 118 
כִּי הִנֵּה כַּחוֹמֶר‎ ‎ 5 of TDR 107[28]: 343 
כִּסֵּא כוֹנֵן בְּחַסְדֶּךָ‎ ‎ FG 68[28]: 288 
לְךָ אֲדֹנָי הַצְּדָקָה תִּלְבֹּשֶׁת‎ ‎ 7 35[28]: 79 
מַלְאֲכֵי רַחֲמִים מְשָׁרְתֵי עֶלְיוֹן‎ ‎ 2 10[28]: 33  3 10[31]: 39  2 7[32]: 104 
מֶלֶךְ אֶחָד יִהְיֶה‎ ‎ Erev RH 36[30]: 45  Erev RH 33[31]: 92 
מֶלֶךְ מְלָכִים‎ ‎ 2 of TDR 79[28]: 303  4 of TDR 77[30]: 96  4 of TDR 86[31]: 200  4 of TDR 75[32]: 428 
מְפַלְטִי אֵלִי צוּרִי‎ ‎ Erev RH 39[31]: 104  Erev RH 39[32]: 263 
מִקְוֵה יִשְׂרָאֵל מוֹשִׁיעוֹ‎ ‎ 2 of TDR 73[28]: 294  5 of TDR 87[30]: 105  5 of TDR 97[31]: 218  5 of TDR 84[32]: 467 
מְרֻבִּים צָרְכֵי עַמְּךָ‎ ‎ Erev RH 26[31]: 68 
עַם ה' חִזְקוּ וְנִתְחַזְּקָה‎ ‎ 3 of TDR 80[28]: 304  5 of TDR 78[30]: 96  5 of TDR 87[31]: 201  5 of TDR 76[32]: 435 
רוֹעֶה יִשְׂרָאֵל הַאֲזִינָה‎ ‎ 2 of TDR 77[28]: 301 
שֶׁבֶת הַכִּסֵּא‎ ‎ 3 of TDR 89[28]: 316  3 of TDR 68[30]: 87  2 of TDR 68[31]: 167  3 of TDR 67[32]: 392 
שׁוֹמַמְתִּי בְּרוֹב יְגוֹנִי‎ ‎ FG 65[28]: 284  Erev RH 35[30]: 44  3 of TDR 72[31]: 171  4 of TDR 71[32]: 411 
שׁוֹפֵט כָּל הָאָרֶץ‎ ‎ Erev RH 54[28]: 112  Erev RH 38[30]: 49  Erev RH 40[31]: 107  Erev RH 38[32]: 261 
שׁוֹשַׁנַּת וֶרֶד‎ ‎ 4 of TDR 68[32]: 399 
שַׁחַר קַמְתִּי‎ ‎ 4 of TDR 97[28]: 328  3 11[30]: 21  3 of TDR 75[31]: 179  5 16[32]: 160 
שִׁחַרְנוּךָ בִּקַּשְׁנוּךָ‎ ‎ 4 of TDR 90[28]: 317  2 of TDR 51[30]: 71  3 of TDR 69[31]: 167  3 of TDR 60[32]: 367 
שָׁלוֹם תִּשְׁפּוֹת לָנוּ‎ ‎ 4 of TDR 82[31]: 192 
שְׁלֹשׁ עֶשְׂרֵה מִדּוֹת הָאֲמוּרוֹת בַּחֲנִינָה‎ ‎ Erev RH 37[30]: 47  Erev RH 38[31]: 101  Erev RH 36[32]: 256 
שַׁעֲרֵי שָׁמַיִם‎ ‎ 4 of TDR 99[28]: 331  2 of TDR 59[30]: 79  3 of TDR 77[31]: 182  2 of TDR 59[32]: 359 
תָּא שְׁמַע מָרָא דְעָלְמָא‎ ‎ 5 of TDR 109[28]: 346 
תָּבֹא לְפָנֶיךָ שַׁוְעַת חִנּוּן‎ ‎ 1 4[28]: 14  1 4[30]: 9  1 3[31]: 14  1 3[32]: 75 
תּוֹחֶלֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל‎ ‎ 2 of TDR 74[28]: 296  2 of TDR 56[30]: 75  5 of TDR 80[32]: 448 
תּוֹרָה הַקְּדוֹשָׁה‎ ‎ FG 69[28]: 289  FG 50[30]: 69  FG 58[31]: 148  FG 51[32]: 325 
תַּחֲרוּת רֹגֶז הָנִיחַ‎ ‎ 3 of TDR 65[30]: 84  4 of TDR 72[32]: 414 
תַּעֲנִית צִבּוּר קָבְעוּ‎ ‎ 6 29[28]: 65 
תַּעֲרוֹג אֵלֶיךָ כְּאַיָּל‎ ‎ 4 19[28]: 47  3 10[30]: 20  3 of TDR 71[31]: 169  6 17[32]: 172 
תְּפִלָּה תִקַּח‎ ‎ Erev RH 59[28]: 120  Erev RH 41[30]: 59  Erev RH 44[31]: 123  Erev RH 41[32]: 278 
תָּשׁוּב תְּרַחֲמֵנוּ‎ ‎ 4 of TDR 94[28]: 324  FG 47[30]: 67  FG 51[31]: 135  FG 47[32]: 309 
תְּשׁוּבָה חַשׁוּבָה קְדוּמָה‎ ‎ 5 of TDR 81[30]: 99 

References

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  1. ^ Rabbi Raymond Apple. "Soul Searching in the Selichot". oztorah.com.
  2. ^ Machzor Shadal, Livorno 1856, Volume 2, Folio 1a.
  3. ^ "סליחות – ג'רבא ולוב- שפתי רננות -". Archived from the original on 25 August 2017. Retrieved 3 February 2016.
  4. ^ היידנהיים, וולף; Cohen, Shalom ben Jacob (1 January 1833). "סדר סליחות מכול השנה כמנהג אשכנז". ג. להרברגר – via Google Books.
  5. ^ What Are Selichot?
  6. ^ See Jacob ben Asher, Tur OC 620.
  7. ^ Daniel Goldschimdt, Yom Kippur Machzor, page 13 if the introduction.
  8. ^ A practice very strongly criticized by Rabbi Yechiel Michel Epstein in Aruch Hashulchan OC 620:1.
  9. ^ Rabbi Naftali Silberberg. "What are "Selichot" and when are they recited?". AskMoses.com.
  10. ^ "Selichot, Basic Questions & Answers". ou.org.
  11. ^ Daniel Goldschmidt, Kinot, pages 7–8 of the introduction.
  12. ^ See Machzor Kol Bo.
  13. ^ See the order of one such group here. See also the Shlomo Zalman Geiger, Divre Kehilot, who describes such a group that had once existed in Frankfurt.
  14. ^ Goldschmidt, Daniel (1970). Machzor leyamim hanoraim – Yom kippur (in Hebrew). Jerusalem: Koren. p. xiii.
  15. ^ See this scan of the selichot according to this rite.
  16. ^ See this scan of the selichot according to this rite.
  17. ^ See this scan of the selichot according to this rite.
  18. ^ See this scan of the selichot according to this rite.
  19. ^ See this scan of the selichot according to this rite.
  20. ^ See this book which lists the differences between this rite and the Frankfurt rite above, and contains those piyyutim which do not appear in the Frankfrut rite.
  21. ^ Only one known copy of this printing survives, and it is found in the Bodleian Library. The National Library of Israel has a photocopy of the original, and it has been scanned and is available on Wikicommons
  22. ^ See this scan of the selichot according to this rite.
  23. ^ See this scan of the selichot according to this rite.
  24. ^ See this scan of the selichot according to this rite.
  25. ^ See this scan of the selichot according to this rite.
  26. ^ See this scan of the selichot according to this rite.
  27. ^ See this scan of the selichot according to this rite.
  28. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea Machzor – Chelek rishon keminhag kk. ashkenazim (in Hebrew). Homburg. 1737.
  29. ^ Seder selichot mikol hashana keminhag ashkenaz (in Hebrew). Rödelheim: Lehrberger. 1833.
  30. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm Selichot leyamim noraim keminhag Ungarn, Mehren, Behmen, Shlezien vekhol Gelilot (in Hebrew). Vienna: Schlesinger. 1929.
  31. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv Seder selichot keminhag Lita, Reysin veZamut (in Hebrew). Vilna: Romm. 1879.
  32. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj Seder selichot meforeshot Be'er Ya'akov keminhag Polin (in Hebrew). Jerusalem: Feldheim. 1995.
  33. ^ Different word order: אָדוֹן, כְּתִקַּח מוֹעֵד‎
  34. ^ Only in few congregations
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