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Booby trap

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This article is about the device. For other uses, see Booby trap (disambiguation).
A booby trap with punji sticks

A booby trap is a device or setup that is intended to kill, harm or surprise a human or another animal. It is triggered by the presence or actions of the victim and sometimes has some form of bait designed to lure the victim towards it. The trap may be set to act upon trespassers that enter restricted areas, and it can be triggered when the victim performs an action (e.g., opening a door, picking something up, or switching something on). It can also be triggered by vehicles driving along a road, as in the case of improvised explosive devices (IEDs).

Booby traps should not be confused with mantraps which are designed to catch a person. Lethal booby traps are often used in warfare, particularly guerrilla warfare, and traps designed to cause injury or pain are also sometimes used by criminals wanting to protect drugs or other illicit property, and by some owners of legal property who wish to protect it from theft. Booby traps which merely cause discomfort or embarrassment are a popular form of practical joke.

Etymology

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The Spanish word bobo translates to "stupid, daft, naïve, simple, fool, idiot, clown, funny man, one who is easily cheated" and similar pejorative terms. The slang of bobo, bubie, translates to "dunce". Variations of this word exist in other languages (such as Latin), with their meaning being "to stammer".[1]

In approximately 1590, the word began appearing in the English language as booby, meaning "stupid person, slow bird".[2] The seabird in question was the genus Sula, with their common name being boobies. These birds have large flat feet and wide wingspans for marine habitats but are clumsy and slow on shore making them easy to catch.[3] The birds are also known for landing aboard seagoing vessels, whereupon they have been eaten by the crew.[4]

The phrase booby trap originally applied to schoolboy pranks, but took on its more serious connotation during World War I.[2]

Military booby traps

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Vietnam War: Republic of Korea Armed Forces soldiers show Vietnamese villagers types of Viet Cong booby traps.
A group of 105mm artillery shells with plastic explosive stuffed into their fuze pockets. Each of the 5 shells has been linked together with red detcord to make them detonate simultaneously. To turn this assembly into a booby trap, the final step would be to connect an M142 firing device to the detcord and hide everything under some form of cover e.g. newspapers or a bed-sheet.
Booby-trap firing devices, c. 1941: press, pull and release switches; mass-produced components intended for the construction of booby traps.[5]
A Yugoslav POMZ anti-personnel mine that has been booby trapped with a hand grenade. A deminer could disable the stake mine, only to set off the hand-grenade when they remove the mine for disposal. (Balkans 1996)

A military booby trap is designed to kill or injure a person who activates its trigger, or employed to reveal the location of an enemy by setting off a signalling device. Most, but not all, military booby traps involve explosives.[6]

Part of the skill in placing booby traps lies in exploiting natural human behaviors such as habit, self–preservation, curiosity or acquisitiveness. A common trick is to provide victims with a simple solution to a problem, for example, leaving only one door open in an otherwise secure building, luring them straight toward the firing mechanism.[7]

An example that exploits an instinct for self–preservation was used in the Vietnam War. Spikes known as punji sticks were hidden in grassy areas. When fired upon, soldiers instinctively sought to take cover by throwing themselves down on the ground, impaling themselves on the spikes.[8]

Many purpose–built booby–trap firing devices exist such as the highly versatile M142[9][10] universal firing device (identical to the British L5A1[11] or Australian F1A1[12]), or Yugoslavian UMNOP-1[13] which allow a variety of different ways of triggering explosives e.g. via trip wire (either pulling it or releasing the tension on it),[14] direct pressure on an object (e.g. standing on it), or pressure release (lift/shift something) etc.[15][16][17][18]

Most explosive booby traps use between 250 g and 1 kg of explosive. Since most booby traps are rigged to detonate within a metre of the victim's body, this is adequate to kill or severely wound.[19]

Effects

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Booby traps are indiscriminate weapons. Like anti-personnel mines, they can harm civilians and noncombatants during and after the conflict. The use against civilians is prohibited by the Protocol on Mines, Booby-Traps and Other Devices, and the protocol also prohibits boobytrapping e.g. the wounded or dead, medical equipment, food, and drink.[20]

History

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A type of booby trap was referred to in an 1839 news story in The Times.[21]

During the Vietnam War, motorcycles were rigged with explosives by the National Liberation Front and abandoned. U.S. soldiers would be tempted to ride the motorcycle and thus trigger the explosives. In addition, NLF soldiers would rig rubber band grenades and place them in huts that US soldiers would likely burn. Another popular booby trap was the "Grenade in a Can", a grenade with the safety pin removed in a container and a string attached, sometimes with the grenade's fuse mechanism modified to give a much shorter delay than the four to seven seconds typical with grenade fuses. The NLF soldiers primarily used these on doors and attached them to tripwires on jungle paths.[22]

The CIA and Green Berets countered by booby trapping the enemy's ammunition supplies, in an operation code–named "Project Eldest Son". The propellant in a rifle or machine–gun cartridge was replaced with high explosive. Upon being fired, the sabotaged round would destroy the gun and kill or injure the shooter. Mortar shells were similarly rigged to explode when dropped down the tube, instead of launching properly. This ammunition was then carefully re–packed to eliminate any evidence of tampering, and planted in enemy munitions dumps by covert insertion teams. A sabotaged round might also be planted in a rifle magazine or machine–gun belt and left on the body of a dead NLF soldier, in anticipation that the deceased's ammo would be picked up and used by his comrades. No more than one sabotaged round would be planted in any case, magazine, or belt of ammunition, to reduce the chances of the enemy finding it no matter how diligently they inspected their supplies. False rumors and forged documents were circulated to make it appear that the Communist Chinese were supplying the NLF with defective weapons and ammunition.[23]

Northern Ireland

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During the Troubles, an ethnonationalist conflict in Northern Ireland, booby traps were used by Irish republican and Ulster loyalist paramilitaries to target British security forces and civilians. The Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) was the most prolific user of the booby traps during the conflict; according to the Sutton Index of Deaths, 180 people were killed during the Troubles as the result of booby trap bombs, the vast majority of them laid by the IRA. A common type of booby trap was the car bomb, which involved attaching a bomb to a car so that starting or driving it would detonate the explosive.[24]

Middle East

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Lebanese media reported on the phenomenon of intentionally concealed bombs in children's toys in 1997, citing a number of examples.[25] Israel occupied southern Lebanon between 1982 and 2000 and during that period planted hundreds of thousands of landmines and bomblets.[26] A report by the UK Foreign Affairs Committee in 2000 warned of the dangers of unexploded bombs in southern Lebanon, mentioning the use of "booby-trapped toys, allegedly dropped by the Israeli air force near Lebanese villages adjacent to the so-called security zone".[27][28][29]

During the Al-Aqsa Intifada (2000—2005), some Arab–Palestinian groups made wide use of booby traps to prevent the Israeli army from entering their cities on Palestinian territories. The largest use of booby traps was in the Battle of Jenin during Operation Defensive Shield where a large number (1000–2000 bombs and booby traps according to a Palestinian militant who surrendered to Israeli forces in Jenin[30]) of explosive devices were planted by insurgents. Booby traps had been laid in the streets of both the camp and the town, ready to be triggered if a foot snagged a tripwire or a vehicle rolled over a mine. Some of the bombs were huge, containing as much as 250 lb (110 kg) of explosives.[31] To counter the booby traps, anti–tank and anti–personnel mines the Israeli army sent armored Caterpillar D9 bulldozers to clear the area out of any explosive device and booby trap planted. Eventually, a dozen D9 bulldozers went into action, razing the center of the refugee camp and forcing the Palestinian militants inside to surrender.

In the Israel–Hamas war, Israel's use of pagers and walkie-talkies detonations to target the Lebanese militant group Hezbollah that killed 42 people and injured 3,500 more, was condemned by some as illegal.[32][33]

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  • Simple Trou de loup booby trap: concealed pitfall with sharp spike at the bottom
    Simple Trou de loup booby trap: concealed pitfall with sharp spike at the bottom
  • USSR booby trap firing device - pull fuze: normally connected to a tripwire
    USSR booby trap firing device - pull fuze: normally connected to a tripwire
  • Alternative design of USSR booby trap firing device - pull fuze: normally connected to tripwire
    Alternative design of USSR booby trap firing device - pull fuze: normally connected to tripwire
  • USSR booby-trap firing device - pressure fuze: victim steps on loose floorboard with fuze concealed underneath
    USSR booby-trap firing device - pressure fuze: victim steps on loose floorboard with fuze concealed underneath
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See also: Katko v. Briney

Booby traps have been applied as defensive weapons against non-military trespassers, but most jurisdictions consider the practice illegal.[citation needed]

Practical jokes

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Main article: Practical joke device

Instead of being used to kill, maim or injure people, booby traps can also be used for entertainment. Practical joke booby traps are typically disguised as everyday items such as cigars or packets of chewing gum, nuts or other snack items. When the victims attempts to use the item, the trap is triggered. Two of the best known examples of this are the exploding cigar and dribble glass; others include the snake nut can and shocking gum. Booby traps can also be constructed out of household or workplace items and be triggered when the victim performs a common action. Examples of this include loosening the bolts in a chair so that it collapses when sat upon, or placing a bucket of water on top of a partly open door so that when the door is fully opened, the bucket tips onto the victim.[34]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Bobo English Spanish Translation | Traductor ingles español". Spanishdict.com. Archived from the original on 2011-09-05. Retrieved 2011-09-15.
  2. ^ a b "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Archived from the original on 2012-08-23. Retrieved 2011-09-15.
  3. ^ "Blue-Footed Boobies, Blue-Footed Booby Pictures, Blue-Footed Booby Facts - National Geographic". Animals.nationalgeographic.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-14. Retrieved 2011-09-15.
  4. ^ Bligh, William (1792). A voyage to the South sea ... Retrieved 2011-09-15 – via Google Books.
  5. ^ HM Government (1941). Military Training Pamphlet No 36 Part IV: Booby Traps. War Office.
  6. ^ The Handbook Of The SAS And Elite Forces. How The Professionals Fight And Win. Edited by Jon E. Lewis. p.334-Tactics And Techniques, Personal Skills And Techniques. Robinson Publishing Ltd 1997. ISBN 1-85487-675-9
  7. ^ John Pike. "FM 20-32 CHAPTER 13". Archived from the original on 1 May 2021. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
  8. ^ "Tactical and Materiel Innovations". History.army.mil. Archived from the original on 2011-09-07. Retrieved 2011-09-15.
  9. ^ "M142_Firing_Device_Dem_Comb" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-27. Retrieved 2009-11-03.
  10. ^ LEXPEV. "M142 Multipurpose Firing Device". Lexpev.nl. Archived from the original on 2011-09-07. Retrieved 2011-09-15.
  11. ^ LEXPEV. "Firing device demolition combination L5A1". Archived from the original on 28 May 2016. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
  12. ^ LEXPEV. "F1A1 Firing Device". Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
  13. ^ LEXPEV. "UMNOP-1". Archived from the original on 4 October 2011. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
  14. ^ "British Demolition Equipment". Archived from the original on 24 February 2015. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
  15. ^ LEXPEV. "UMNOP-1". Lexpev.nl. Archived from the original on 2011-10-04. Retrieved 2011-09-15.
  16. ^ LEXPEV. "Switch, No6 Release Mk1". Lexpev.nl. Archived from the original on 2011-10-04. Retrieved 2011-09-15.
  17. ^ LEXPEV. "Switch, No3 Release Mk1". Lexpev.nl. Archived from the original on 2011-10-04. Retrieved 2011-09-15.
  18. ^ LEXPEV. "Release firing device M5". Lexpev.nl. Archived from the original on 2011-07-23. Retrieved 2011-09-15.
  19. ^ "Department of the Army Field Manual: Boobytraps" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-06-27. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
  20. ^ "Customary IHL - Practice Relating to Rule 80. Booby-Traps". ihl-databases.icrc.org. Retrieved 2022-06-01.
  21. ^ Allegedly made to injure an actress, Mrs. Charles Mathews, a parcel left for her at the Olympic Theatre contained a mahogany box, within which was an apparent explosive device: 'On the interior of the lid was fastened a small parcel, neatly made up, supposed to contain detonating powder, ... beneath which was attached a piece of sand–paper, which was so placed as to act upon several matches, and thus set fire to a quantity of gunpowder ... the strings, which were attached to the piece of twine fastened to the cover ... were so contrived as to act as a trigger, so that the moment the lid should be raised the whole ... would instantly explode.' Although the newspaper carried the story, it did so sceptically and described it as a 'hoax'. The Times (London, England), 6 March 1839, p. 6.
  22. ^ "In Its Own Words". Hrw.org. Archived from the original on 2009-07-25. Retrieved 2011-09-15.
  23. ^ "Project Eldest Son". Jcs-group.com. Archived from the original on 2011-09-27. Retrieved 2011-09-15.
  24. ^ "CAIN: Sutton Index of Deaths - menu page". Archived from the original on 6 December 2010. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
  25. ^ Mariam, rescapée d'un jouet piégé espère retourner à l'école (photo), L'Orient-Le Jour, 29 April 1997
  26. ^ Israeli Bomblets Plague Lebanon, The New York Times. 6 October 2006
  27. ^ Memorandum submitted by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office on landmines in South Lebanon, UK Foreign Affairs Committee, 29 September 2000
  28. ^ Israel Blamed as Pager Explosions in Lebanon Kill 12 & Injure 2,800; Hezbollah Vows to Respond, Democracy Now!, 18 September 2024
  29. ^ Bombs in toys: A brief history of Israeli booby traps in Lebanon, Middle East Eye, 19 September 2024
  30. ^ "Palestinian fighter describes 'hard fight' in Jenin". CNN. April 23, 2002. Archived from the original on January 9, 2008. Retrieved September 18, 2008.
  31. ^ Rees, Matt. "Inside the Battle of Jenin". Time. Archived from the original on December 7, 2008. Retrieved September 19, 2008.
  32. ^ O'Connell, Mary Ellen. "Was the pager attack sophisticated targeting, a war crime or both? - The Jewish Independent". thejewishindependent.com.au. Retrieved 2024-09-25.
  33. ^ O'Connell, Mary Ellen (2024-09-19). "Pager attack on Hezbollah was a sophisticated 'booby-trap' operation − it was also illegal". The Conversation. Retrieved 2024-09-25.
  34. ^ Koneazny, John J. (2001). Behind Friendly Lines. GeneralStore PublishingHouse. ISBN 9781894263481. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
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