Jump to content

Free Democratic Party (Germany)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Free Democratic Party
Freie Demokratische Partei
AbbreviationFDP
ChairmanChristian Lindner
General Secretaryvacant
Parliamentary leaderChristian Dürr
Founded12 December 1948; 75 years ago (1948-12-12)
Merger of
HeadquartersHans-Dietrich-Genscher-Haus
Reinhardtstraße 14
10117 Berlin
Newspaperfdplus
Youth wingYoung Liberals
Women's wingLiberal Women
LGBT wingLiberal Gay, Lesbians, Bi, Trans and Queer
University wingFederal Associations of Liberal College Groups
FoundationFriedrich Naumann Foundation
Membership (November 2024)Increase 70,000 [1]
IdeologyLiberalism (German)
Political positionCentre-right
European affiliationAlliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe
European Parliament groupRenew Europe
International affiliationLiberal International
Colours
  •   Yellow
  •   Pink
  •   Cyan[2]
Bundestag
91 / 735
Bundesrat
2 / 69
State Parliaments
67 / 1,894
European Parliament
5 / 96
Party flag
Website
www.fdp.de Edit this at Wikidata

The Free Democratic Party (German: Freie Demokratische Partei, FDP, German pronunciation: [ɛfdeːˈpeː] ⓘ) is a liberal[3][4] political party in Germany.

The FDP was founded in 1948 by members of former liberal political parties which existed in Germany before World War II, namely the German Democratic Party and the German People's Party. For most of the second half of the 20th century, particularly from 1961 to 1982, the FDP held the balance of power in the Bundestag.[5] It has been a junior coalition partner to both the CDU/CSU (1949–1956, 1961–1966, 1982–1998 and 2009–2013) and Social Democratic Party (SPD) (1969–1982, 2021–present). In the 2013 federal election, the FDP failed to win any directly elected seats in the Bundestag and came up short of the 5 percent threshold to qualify for list representation, being left without representation in the Bundestag for the first time in its history.[6] In the 2017 federal election, the FDP regained its representation in the Bundestag, receiving 10.6% of the vote. After the 2021 federal election the FDP became part of governing Scholz cabinet in coalition with the Social Democratic Party and the Greens.

Since the 1980s, the party, consistently with its ordoliberal tradition, has pushed economic liberalism and has aligned itself closely to the promotion of free markets and privatization, and is aligned to the centre[7][8] or centre-right[9] of the political spectrum. The FDP is a member of the Liberal International, the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe and Renew Europe.

History

[edit]

Predecessors

[edit]

The history of liberal parties in Germany dates back to 1861, when the German Progress Party (DFP) was founded, being the first political party in the modern sense in Germany. From the establishment of the National Liberal Party in 1867 until the demise of the Weimar Republic in 1933, the liberal-democratic camp was divided into a "national-liberal" and a "left-liberal" line of tradition. After 1918 the national-liberal strain was represented by the German People's Party (DVP), the left-liberal one by the German Democratic Party (DDP, which merged into the German State Party in 1930). Both parties played an important role in government during the Weimar Republic era, but successively lost votes during the rise of the Nazi Party beginning in the late-1920s. After the Nazi seizure of power, both liberal parties agreed to the Enabling Act of 1933 and subsequently dissolved themselves. During the 12 years of Hitler's rule, some former liberals collaborated with the Nazis (e.g. economy minister Hjalmar Schacht), while others resisted actively against Nazism, with some Liberal leaning members and former members of the military joining up with Henning von Tresckow (e.g. the Solf Circle).

Soon after World War II, the Soviet Union pushed for the creation of licensed "anti-fascist" parties in its occupation zone in East Germany. In July 1945, former DDP politicians Wilhelm Külz, Eugen Schiffer and Waldemar Koch called for the establishment of a pan-German liberal party. Their Liberal-Democratic Party (LDP) was soon licensed by the Soviet Military Administration in Germany, under the condition that the new party joined the pro-Soviet "Democratic Bloc".

In September 1945, citizens in Hamburg—including the anti-Nazi resistance circle "Association Free Hamburg"—established the Party of Free Democrats (PFD) as a bourgeois left-wing party and the first liberal Party in the Western occupation zones. The German Democratic Party was revived in some states of the Western occupation zones (in the Southwestern states of Württemberg-Baden and Württemberg-Hohenzollern under the name of Democratic People's Party).

Many former members of DDP and DVP however agreed to finally overcome the traditional split of German liberalism into a national-liberal and a left-liberal branch, aiming for the creation of a united liberal party.[10] In October 1945 a liberal coalition party was founded in the state of Bremen under the name of Bremen Democratic People's Party. In January 1946, liberal state parties of the British occupation zone merged into the Free Democratic Party of the British Zone (FDP). A similar state party in Hesse, called the Liberal Democratic Party, was licensed by the U.S. military government in January 1946. In the state of Bavaria, a Free Democratic Party was founded in May 1946.

In the first post-war state elections in 1946, liberal parties performed well in Württemberg-Baden (16.8%), Bremen (18.3%), Hamburg (18.2%) and Greater Berlin (still undivided; 9.3%). The LDP was especially strong in the October 1946 state elections of the Soviet zone—the last free parliamentary election in East Germany—obtaining an average of 24.6% (highest in Saxony-Anhalt, 29.9%, and Thuringia, 28.5%), thwarting an absolute majority of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED) that was favoured by the Soviet occupation power. This disappointment to the communists however led to a change of electoral laws in the Soviet zone, cutting the autonomy of non-socialist parties including the LDP and forcing it to join the SED-dominated National Front, making it a dependent "bloc party".

The Democratic Party of Germany (DPD) was established in Rothenburg ob der Tauber on 17 March 1947 as a pan-German party of liberals from all four occupation zones. Its leaders were Theodor Heuss (representing the DVP of Württemberg-Baden in the American zone) and Wilhelm Külz (representing the LDP of the Soviet zone). However, the project failed in January 1948 as a result of disputes over Külz's pro-Soviet direction.

Founding of the party

[edit]
Theodor Heuss, first chairman of the FDP and first President of West Germany

The Free Democratic Party was established on 11–12 December 1948 in Heppenheim, in Hesse, as an association of all 13 liberal state parties in the three Western zones of occupation.[Note 1][11] The proposed name, Liberal Democratic Party, was rejected by the delegates, who voted 64 to 25 in favour of the name Free Democratic Party (FDP).

The party's first chairman was Theodor Heuss, a member of the Democratic People's Party in Württemberg-Baden; his deputy was Franz Blücher of the FDP in the British Zone. The place for the party's foundation was chosen deliberately: the "Heppenheim Assembly" was held at the Hotel Halber Mond on 10 October 1847, a meeting of moderate liberals who were preparing for what would be, within a few months, the German revolutions of 1848–1849.

The FDP was founded on 11 December 1948 through the merger of nine regional liberal parties formed in 1945 from the remnants of the pre-1933 German People's Party (DVP) and the German Democratic Party (DDP), which had been active in the Weimar Republic.

1949–1969: reconstruction of Germany

[edit]
Political poster in German: "Schlußstrich drunter! Schluss mit Entnazifizierung / Entrechtung / Entmündigung / Schluss mit dem Staatsbürger 2. Klasse / Wer staatsbürgerliche Gleichberechtigung will, wählt FDP (bisher LDP)"
"Schlußstrich drunter!"—FDP election campaign poster reading "Draw a line under it" before the 1949 Bundestag election in Hesse calling for a halt to "denazification, disenfranchisement, disempowerment, second class citizenship" and for "equality of civil rights"

In the first elections to the Bundestag on 14 August 1949, the FDP won a vote share of 11.9 percent (with 12 direct mandates, particularly in Baden-Württemberg and Hesse), and thus obtained 52 of 402 seats. It formed a common Bundestag group with the hard-right German Party (DP). In September of the same year the FDP chairman Theodor Heuss was elected the first President of the Federal Republic of Germany. In his 1954 re-election, he received the best election result to date of a President with 871 of 1018 votes (85.6 percent) of the Federal Assembly. Adenauer was also elected on the proposal of the new German President with an extremely narrow majority as the first Chancellor. The FDP participated with the CDU/CSU and the DP in Adenauer's coalition cabinet; they had three ministers: Franz Blücher (Vice-Chancellor), Thomas Dehler (justice), and Eberhard Wildermuth (housing).

On the most important economic, social and German national issues, the FDP agreed with their coalition partners, the CDU/CSU. However, the FDP offered to middle-class voters a secular party that refused the religious schools and accused the opposition parties of clericalization. The FDP said they were known also as a consistent representative of the market economy, while the CDU was then dominated nominally from the Ahlen Programme, which allowed a Third Way between capitalism and socialism. Ludwig Erhard, the "father" of the social market economy, had his followers in the early years of the Federal Republic in the CDU/CSU rather than in the FDP.

The FDP won Hesse's 1950 state election with 31.8 percent, the best result in its history, through appealing to East Germans displaced by the war by including them on their ticket.

Up to the 1950s, several of the FDP's regional organizations were to the right of the CDU/CSU, which initially had ideas of some sort of Christian socialism, and even former office-holders of the Third Reich were courted with nationalist values. The FDP voted in parliament at the end of 1950 against the CDU- and SPD-introduced de-nazification process. At their party conference in Munich in 1951 they demanded the release of all "so-called war criminals" and welcomed the establishment of the "Association of German soldiers" of former Wehrmacht and SS members to advance the integration of the Nazi forces in democracy. The FDP members were seen as part of the "extremist" block along with the German Party in West Germany by the US intelligence officials.[12]

Similarly, a de-Nazification Act could only be passed at the end of 1950 in the Bundestag because the opposition SPD supported the motion along with the governing CDU/CSU; the governing FDP voted along with the hard-right DP and the openly neo-Nazi German Reich Party (DRP) against the law against Nazis.[13][self-published source]

The 1953 Naumann Circle, named after Werner Naumann, consisted of a group of former Nazis who tried to infiltrate the party, which had many right-wing and nationalist members in Hesse, North Rhine-Westphalia and Lower Saxony. After the British occupation authorities had arrested seven prominent members of the Naumann Circle, the FDP federal board installed a commission of inquiry, chaired by Thomas Dehler, which particularly sharply criticized the situation in the North Rhine-Westphalian FDP. In the following years, the right wing lost power, and the extreme right increasingly sought areas of activity outside the FDP. In the 1953 federal election, the FDP received 9.5 percent of the party votes, 10.8 percent of the primary vote (with 14 direct mandates, particularly in Hamburg, Lower Saxony, Hesse, Württemberg and Bavaria) and 48 of 487 seats.[citation needed]

In the second term of the Bundestag, the South German Liberal Democrats gained influence in the party.[citation needed] Thomas Dehler, a representative of a more social-liberal course took over as party and parliamentary leader. The former Minister of Justice Dehler, who in 1933 suffered persecution by the Nazis, was known for his rhetorical focus. Generally the various regional associations were independent. After the FDP had left in early 1956, the coalition with the CDU in North Rhine-Westphalia and made with SPD and centre a new state government, were a total of 16 members of parliament, including the four federal ministers from the FDP and founded the short-lived Free People's Party, which then up was involved to the end of the legislature instead of FDP in the Federal Government. The FDP first took it to the opposition.

Only one of the smaller post-war parties, the FDP survived despite many problems. In 1957 federal elections they still reached 7.7 percent of the vote to 1990 and their last direct mandate with which they had held 41 of 497 seats in the Bundestag. However, they still remained in opposition because the Union won an absolute majority. The FDP also called for a nuclear-free zone in Central Europe.

Even before the election Dehler was assigned as party chairman. At the federal party in Berlin at the end January 1957 relieved him Reinhold Maier. Dehler's role as Group Chairman took over after the election of the national set very Erich Mende. Mende was also chairman of the party.

In the 1961 federal election, the FDP achieved 12.8 percent nationwide, the best result until then, and the FDP entered a coalition with the CDU again. Although it was committed before the election to continuing to sit in any case in a government together with Adenauer, Chancellor Adenauer was again, however, to withdraw under the proviso, after two years. These events led to the FDP being nicknamed the Umfallerpartei ("pushover party").[14]

In the Spiegel affair, the FDP withdrew their ministers from the federal government. Although the coalition was renewed again under Adenauer in 1962, the FDP withdrew again on the condition[clarification needed] in October 1963. This occurred even under the new Chancellor, Ludwig Erhard. This was for Erich Mende turn the occasion to go into the cabinet: he took the rather unimportant Federal Ministry for All-German Affairs.

In the 1965 federal elections the FDP gained 9.5 percent. The coalition with the CDU in 1966 broke on the subject of tax increases and it was followed by a grand coalition between the CDU and the SPD. The opposition also pioneered a course change: the former foreign policy and the attitude to the eastern territories were discussed. The opposition leader for the FDP in the Bundestag was Knut von Kühlmann-Stumm. The new chairman elected delegates in 1968 Walter Scheel, a European-oriented liberals, although it came from the national liberal camp, but with Willi Weyer and Hans-Dietrich Genscher led the new centre of the party. This center strove to make the FDP coalition support both major parties. Here, the Liberals approached to by their reorientation in East Germany and politics especially of the SPD.[incomprehensible]

1969–1982: social changes and crises

[edit]
Walter Scheel served as Foreign Minister, Vice Chancellor, Acting Chancellor and President of Germany.

On 21 October 1969 began the period after the election of a Social-Liberal coalition with the SPD and the German Chancellor Willy Brandt. Walter Scheel was he who initiated the foreign policy reversal. Despite a very small majority he and Willy Brandt sat by the controversial New Ostpolitik. This policy was within the FDP quite controversial, especially since after the entry into the Federal Government defeats in state elections in North Rhine-Westphalia, Lower Saxony and Saarland on 14 June 1970 followed. In Hanover and Saarbrücken, the party left the parliament.

After the federal party congress in Bonn, just a week later supported the policy of the party leadership and Scheel had confirmed in office, founded by Siegfried party rights Zoglmann 11 July 1970 a "non-partisan" organization called the National-Liberal action on the Hohensyburgstraße—to fall with the goal of ending the social-liberal course of the party and Scheel. However, this was not done. Zoglmann supported in October 1970 a disapproval resolution of opposition to Treasury Secretary Alexander Möller, Erich Mende, Heinz Starke, and did the same. A little later all three declared their withdrawal from the FDP; Mende and Strong joined the CDU, Zoglmann later founded the German Union (Deutsche Union), which remained a splinter party.

The foreign policy and the socio-political changes were made in 1971 by the Freiburg Thesis, which were as Rowohlt Paperback sold more than 100,000 times, on a theoretical basis, the FDP is committed to "social liberalism" and social reforms.[15] Walter Scheel was first foreign minister and vice chancellor, 1974, he was then second-liberal President and paving the way for inner-party the previous interior minister Hans-Dietrich Genscher free.

From 1969 to 1974 the FDP supported the SPD Chancellor Willy Brandt, who was succeeded by Helmut Schmidt. Already by the end of the 70s there did not seem to be enough similarities between the FDP and the SPD to form a new coalition, but the CDU/CSU chancellor candidate of Franz Josef Strauss in 1980 pushed the parties to run together again. The FDP's policies, however, began to drift apart from the SPD's, especially when it came to the economy. Within the SPD, there was strong grassroots opposition to Chancellor Helmut Schmidt's policies on the NATO Double-Track Decision. However, within the FDP, the conflicts and contrasts were always greater.

1982–1998: Kohl government, economic transition and reunification

[edit]

In the fall of 1982, the FDP reneged on its coalition agreement with the SPD and instead threw its support behind the CDU/CSU. On 1 October, the FDP and CDU/CSU were able to oust Schmidt and replace him with CDU party chairman Helmut Kohl as the new Chancellor. The coalition change resulted in severe internal conflicts, and the FDP then lost about 20 percent of its 86,500 members, as reflected in the general election in 1983 by a drop from 10.6 percent to 7.0 percent. The members went mostly to the SPD, the Greens and newly formed splinter parties, such as the left-liberal party Liberal Democrats (LD). The exiting members included the former FDP General Secretary and later EU Commissioner Günter Verheugen. At the party convention in November 1982, the Schleswig-Holstein state chairman Uwe Ronneburger challenged Hans-Dietrich Genscher as party chairman. Ronneburger received 186 of the votes—about 40 percent—and was just narrowly defeated by Genscher.

in 1980, FDP members who did not agree with the politics of the FDP youth organization Young Democrats founded the Young Liberals (JuLis). For a time JuLis and the Young Democrats operated side by side, until the JuLis became the sole official youth wing of the FDP in 1983. The Young Democrats split from the FDP and were left as a party-independent youth organization.

At the time of reunification, the FDP's objective was a special economic zone in the former East Germany, but could not prevail against the CDU/CSU, as this would prevent any loss of votes in the five new federal states in the general election in 1990.

In all federal election campaigns since the 1980s, the party sided with the CDU and CSU, the main conservative parties in Germany. Following German reunification in 1990, the FDP merged with the Association of Free Democrats, a grouping of liberals from East Germany and the Liberal Democratic Party of Germany.

During the political upheavals of 1989/1990 in the GDR new liberal parties emerged, like the FDP East Germany or the German Forum Party. They formed the Liberal Democratic Party, who had previously acted as a bloc party on the side of the SED and with Manfred Gerlach also the last Council of State of the GDR presented, the Alliance of Free Democrats (BFD). Within the FDP came in the following years to considerable internal discussions about dealing with the former bloc party. Even before the reunification of Germany united on a joint congress in Hanover, the West German FDP united with the other parties to form the first all-German party. Both party factions brought the FDP a great, albeit short-lived, increase in membership. In the first all-German Bundestag elections, the CDU/CSU/FDP centre-right coalition was confirmed, the FDP received 11.0 percent of the valid votes (79 seats) and won in Genschers city of birth Halle (Saale) the first direct mandate since 1957.

During the 1990s, the FDP won between 6.2 and 11 percent of the vote in Bundestag elections. It last participated in the federal government by representing the junior partner in the government of Chancellor Helmut Kohl of the CDU.

In 1998, the CDU/CSU-FDP coalition lost the federal election, which ended the FDP's nearly three decade reign in government. In its 2002 campaign the FDP made an exception to its party policy of siding with the CDU/CSU when it adopted equidistance to the CDU and SPD. From 1998 until 2009 the FDP remained in the opposition until it became part of a new centre-right coalition government.

2005 federal election

[edit]
Former logo (2001–2014)

In the 2005 general election the party won 9.8 percent of the vote and 61 federal deputies, an unpredicted improvement from prior opinion polls. It is believed that this was partly due to tactical voting by CDU and Christian Social Union of Bavaria (CSU) alliance supporters who hoped for stronger market-oriented economic reforms than the CDU/CSU alliance called for. However, because the CDU did worse than predicted, the FDP and the CDU/CSU alliance were unable to form a coalition government. At other times, for example after the 2002 federal election, a coalition between the FDP and CDU/CSU was impossible primarily because of the weak results of the FDP.

The CDU/CSU parties had achieved the third-worst performance in German postwar history with only 35.2 percent of the votes. Therefore, the FDP was unable to form a coalition with its preferred partners, the CDU/CSU parties. As a result, the party was considered as a potential member of two other political coalitions, following the election. One possibility was a partnership between the FDP, the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) and the Alliance 90/The Greens, known as a "traffic light coalition", named after the colors of the three parties. This coalition was ruled out, because the FDP considered the Social Democrats and the Greens insufficiently committed to market-oriented economic reform. The other possibility was a CDU-FDP-Green coalition, known as a "Jamaica coalition" because of the colours of the three parties. This coalition wasn't concluded either, since the Greens ruled out participation in any coalition with the CDU/CSU. Instead, the CDU formed a Grand coalition with the SPD, and the FDP entered the opposition. FDP leader Guido Westerwelle became the unofficial leader of the opposition by virtue of the FDP's position as the largest opposition party in the Bundestag.

In the 2009 European election, the FDP received 11% of the national vote (2,888,084 votes in total) and returned 12 MEPs.[16]

2009–2013: Merkel II government

[edit]
Christian Lindner is the party chairman, having succeeded Philipp Rösler in December 2013.

In the September 2009 federal elections, the FDP increased its share of the vote by 4.8 percentage points to 14.6%, an all-time record. This percentage was enough to offset a decline in the CDU/CSU's vote compared to 2005, to create a CDU-FDP centre-right governing coalition in the Bundestag with a 53% majority of seats. On election night, party leader Westerwelle said his party would work to ensure that civil liberties were respected and that Germany got an "equitable tax system and better education opportunities".[17]

The party also made gains in the two state elections held at the same time, acquiring sufficient seats for a CDU-FDP coalition in the northernmost state, Schleswig-Holstein,[18] and gaining enough votes in left-leaning Brandenburg to clear the 5% hurdle to enter that state's parliament.[citation needed]

However, after reaching its best ever election result in 2009, the FDP's support collapsed.[19] The party's policy pledges were put on hold by Merkel as the Great Recession unfolded and with the onset of the European debt crisis in 2010.[20] By the end of 2010, the party's support had dropped to as low as 5%. The FDP retained their seats in the state elections in North Rhine-Westphalia, which was held six months after the federal election, but out of the seven state elections that have been held since 2009, the FDP have lost all their seats in five of them due to failing to cross the 5% threshold.[21]

Support for the party further eroded amid infighting and an internal rebellion over euro-area bailouts during the debt crisis.[22]

Westerwelle stepped down as party leader following the 2011 state elections, in which the party was wiped out in Saxony-Anhalt and Rhineland-Palatinate and lost half its seats in Baden-Württemberg. Westerwelle was replaced in May 2011 by Philipp Rösler. The change in leadership failed to revive the FDP's fortunes, however, and in the next series of state elections, the party lost all its seats in Bremen, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, and Berlin.[23] In Berlin, the party lost nearly 75% of the support they had had in the previous election.[24]

In March 2012, the FDP lost all their state-level representation in the 2012 Saarland state election. However, this was offset by the Schleswig-Holstein state elections, when they achieved 8% of the vote, which was a severe loss of seats but still over the 5% threshold. In the snap elections in North Rhine-Westphalia a week later, the FDP not only crossed the electoral threshold, but also increased its share of the votes to 2 percentage points higher than in the previous state election. This was attributed to the local leadership of Christian Lindner.[25]

2013 federal election

[edit]

The FDP last won a directly elected seat in 1990, in Halle—the only time it has won a directly elected seat since 1957.[26] The party's inability to win directly elected seats came back to haunt it at the 2013 election, in which it came up just short of the 5% threshold. With no directly elected seats, the FDP was shut out of the Bundestag for the first time since 1949. After the previous chairman Philipp Rösler then resigned, Christian Lindner took over the leadership of the party.

2014 European and state elections

[edit]

In the 2014 European parliament elections, the FDP received 3.4% of the national vote (986,253 votes in total) and returned 3 MEPs.[27] In the 2014 Brandenburg state election the party experienced a 5.8% down-swing and lost all their representatives in the Brandenburg state parliament. In the 2014 Saxony state election, the party experienced a 5.2% down-swing, again losing all of its seats. In the 2014 Thuringian state election a similar phenomenon was repeated with the party falling below the 5% threshold following a 5.1% drop in popular vote.

2015–2020

[edit]

The party managed to enter parliament in the 2015 Bremen state election with the party receiving 6.5% of the vote and gaining 6 seats. However, it failed to get into government as a coalition between the Social Democrats and the Greens was created. In the 2016 Mecklenburg-Vorpommern state election the party failed to get into parliament despite increasing its vote share by 0.3%. The party did manage to get into parliament in Baden-Württemberg, gaining 3% of the vote and a total of 12 seats. This represents a five-seat improvement over their previous results. In the 2016 Berlin state election the party gained 4.9% of the vote and 12 seats but still failed to get into government. A red-red-green coalition was instead formed relegating the FDP to the opposition. In the 2016 Rhineland-Palatinate state election, the party managed to enter parliament receiving 6.2% of the vote and 7 seats. It also managed to enter government under a traffic light coalition. In 2016 Saxony-Anhalt state election the party narrowly missed the 5% threshold, receiving 4.9% of the vote and therefore receiving zero seats despite a 1% swing in their favour.

The 2017 North Rhine-Westphalia state election was widely considered a test of the party's future as their chairman Christian Lindner was also leading the party in that state. The party experienced a 4% swing in its favour gaining 6 seats and entering into a coalition with the CDU with a bare majority. In the 2017 Saarland state election the party again failed to gain any seats despite a 1% swing in their favour. The party gained 3 seats and increased its vote share by 3.2% in the 2017 Schleswig-Holstein state election. This success was often credited to their state chairman Wolfgang Kubicki. They also managed to re-enter the government under a Jamaica coalition.

In the 2017 federal election the party scored 10.7% of votes and re-entered the Bundestag, winning 80 seats. After the election, a Jamaica coalition was considered between the CDU, Greens, and FDP. However, FDP chief Christian Lindner walked out of the coalition talks due to a disagreement over European migration policy, saying "It is better not to govern than to govern badly."[28][29] As a result, the CDU/CSU formed another grand coalition with the SPD.

The FDP won 5.4% and 5 seats in the 2019 European election.

In the October 2019 Thuringian state election, the FDP won seats in the Landtag of Thuringia for the first time since 2009. It exceeded the 5% threshold by just 5 votes.[30] In February 2020, the FDP's Thomas Kemmerich was elected Minister-President of Thuringia by the Landtag with the likely support of the CDU and AfD, becoming the second member of the FDP to serve as head of government in a German state. This was also the first time a head of government had been elected with the support of AfD. Under intense pressure from state and federal politicians, Kemmerich resigned the following day, stating he would seek new elections.[31] The next month, he was replaced by Bodo Ramelow of The Left; the FDP did not run a candidate in the second vote for Minister-President.[32]

2021–present

[edit]

In 2021, the FDP returned to the Saxony-Anhalt state parliament after five years of absence. They had similar success in Baden-Württemberg and Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, but faced setbacks in Baden-Württemberg, Berlin and Rhineland-Palatinate.

In the September 2021 federal election, the CDU/CSU under Armin Laschet was defeated. The FDP saw both its vote share and number of seats grow, to 11.5% and 92 seats respectively. As a result, the SPD, Greens, and FDP entered talks to form an Ampelkoalition (traffic light coalition). In the agreement finalised on 24 November, the FDP held four federal ministries in the Scholz cabinet (Finance, Justice, Digital and Transport and Education and Research).[33]

Throughout 2022, the FDP saw poor approval in national opinion polls. In State Parliament elections they also performed poorly. In March, the FDP didn't win any seats in Saarland.[34] In May they lost over half their seats in North Rhine-Westphalia and Schleswig-Holstein.[35] In October, the FDP lost all 11 of their seats in Lower Saxony.[36] It also lost all 12 seats in the 2023 Berlin repeat state election.[37]

In the 2023 Bavarian state election, where Martin Hagen lead the party, all 11 seats were lost.[38] The FDP were similarly wiped out in the 2024 Thuringian state election, where Thomas Kemmerich lost his party's 5 seats.[39] In the 2024 Saxony state election, the FDP achieved less than 1% of the vote.[40]

In November 2024, Christian Lindner was fired as Minister of Finance.[41] The FDP leaving the coalition meant the collapse of the traffic light government.[42] Marco Buschmann and Bettina Stark-Watzinger also resigned from the cabinet.[43] Justice minister Volker Wissing decided to resign from the FDP in order to stay in cabinet.[44]

Ideology and platform

[edit]
Membership development showing the spike around 1990 due to East German LDPD and NDPD fusing with the (West German) FDP
Part of a series on
Liberalism
History
Principles
Philosophers
Politicians
Organizations
Regional variants
Related topics
Schools

The FDP's political position has variously been described as centrist,[45][46] centre-right,[51] and right-wing.[52][53][54] The FDP has been described as liberal,[55][56][3][4] conservative-liberal,[57][58][59][60] classical-liberal,[61][62][63] and liberal-conservative.[64][65][66] Other sources have described the party as fiscally conservative,[67] libertarian[68][69] or right-libertarian.[70][71]

The FDP is a predominantly classical-liberal inspired party, both in the sense of supporting free market economic policies and in the sense of policies emphasizing the minimization of government interference in individual affairs.[76] During election campaigning, the party has emphasised support for tax cuts, reductions in government spending and balanced budgets.[77] The party has also been described by various media sources as neoliberal.[82] Scholars of political science have historically identified the FDP as closer to the CDU/CSU bloc than to the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) on economic issues but closer to the SPD and the Greens on issues such as civil liberties, education, defense, and foreign policy.[83] The FDP itself has oriented itself towards a centrist position between the CDU and the SPD,[84] however it is to the right of the CDU in its socioeconomics perspective,[85] environmental and labour policies.[55]

The party is a traditional supporter of ordoliberalism,[86] having been influenced by the economic theories of Wilhelm Röpke and Alexander Rüstow.[87] Otto Graf Lambsdorff, who served as Federal Minister of Economics, is a historical FDP grandee who was a proponent of ordoliberalism.[88] In 1971 during its federal social-liberal coalition with the SPD, the FDP published the Freiburger Thesis programme, heralding an ideological move towards reformism and social liberalism,[15][66] and support for environmental protection.[89] However, the party's 1977 Kiel Theses and 1985 Liberal Manifesto returned the FDP towards its traditional free-market, ordoliberal approach.[90] Historical members of the party's social-liberal wing included Gerhart Baum and Werner Maihofer,[91] a faction who remained organised as the Freiberg Circle.[92] Alternatively to the liberal-orientated wings of the party are a conservative or national-conservative wing, influenced by the populist and nationalist developments of the Freedom Party of Austria and the New Right.[93][94] The FDP's national-conservative wing has included individuals such as Rainer Zitelmann, Klaus Rainer Röhl, Alexander von Stahl, and Jürgen Möllemann,[93] and was organised as the Liberal Offensive.[95] Möllemann in the particular was noted for his role during the 2002 federal election in attempting to push the party in a right-wing populist direction, albeit to poor electoral results.[96][97]

During the 2017 federal election, the party called for Germany to adopt an immigration channel using a Canada-style points-based immigration system; spend up to 3% of GDP on defense and international security; phase out the solidarity surcharge tax (which was first levied in 1991 to pay for the costs of absorbing East Germany after German reunification); cut taxes by 30 billion euro (twice the amount of the tax cut proposed by the CDU); and improve road infrastructure by spending 2 billion euro annually for each of the next two decades, to be funded by selling government stakes in Deutsche Bahn, Deutsche Telekom, and Deutsche Post.[98] The FDP also called for the improvement of Germany's digital infrastructure, the establishment of a Ministry of Digital Affairs, and greater investment in education.[73] The party also supports allowing dual citizenship (in contrast to the CDU/CSU, which opposes it) but also supports requiring third-generation immigrants to select a single nationality.[73]

The FDP supports the legalization of cannabis in Germany[99][100] and opposes proposals to heighten Internet surveillance.[83] The FDP supports same-sex marriage in Germany.[101][102] The FDP supports legalisation of altruistic surrogacy.[103][104]

The FDP has mixed views on European integration.[105][106] In its 2009 campaign manifesto, the FDP pledged support for ratification of the Lisbon Treaty as well as EU reforms aimed at enhancing transparency and democratic responsiveness, reducing bureaucracy, establishing stringent curbs on the EU budget, and fully liberalizing the Single Market.[107] At its January 2019 congress ahead of the 2019 European Parliament election, FDP's manifesto called for further EU reforms, including reducing the number of European Commissioners to 18 from the current 28, abolishing the European Economic and Social Committee, and ending the European Parliament's "traveling circus" between Brussels and Strasbourg.[108] Vice chairwoman and Deputy Leader Nicola Beer stated: "We want both more and less Europe."[108]

Electorate

[edit]

In 1940s and 1950s, the FDP was the only German party strongly in favour of market economy, while the CDU/CSU was still adhering to a "third way" between capitalism and socialism. Initially founded as a party uniting liberals and nationalists,[94] the early FDP wanted former Nazis to be reintegrated into society and demanded a release of Nazi war criminals.[13]

The party's membership has historically been largely male; in 1995, less than one-third of the party's members were women, and in the 1980s women made up less than one-tenth of the party's national executive committee. By the 1990s, the percentage of women on the FDP's national executive committee rose to 20%.[109]

The party tends to draw its support from professionals and self-employed Germans.[110][111] It lacks consistent support from a voting bloc, such as the trade union membership that supports the SPD or the church membership that supports the CDU/CSU,[110] and thus has historically only garnered a small group of Stammwähler (core voters) who consistently vote for the party.[112][113]

In the 2021 elections, the FDP was the second-most popular party among voters under age 30; among this demographic, the Greens won 22% of the vote, the FDP 19%, the SPD 17%, the CDU/CSU 11%, Die Linke 8%, and the AfD 8%.[114][115] According to Deutsche Welle in 2021, voters for both the FDP and the Greens are similar in being younger, politically centrist professionals living in cities, unlike left working-class voters and right Christian voters.[116]

European representation

[edit]

In the European Parliament the Free Democratic Party sits in the Renew Europe group with five MEPs.[117][118][119][120][121]

In the European Committee of the Regions, the Free Democratic Party sits in the Renew Europe CoR group, with one full member for the 2020–2025 mandate.[122][123]

Election results

[edit]

Federal parliament (Bundestag)

[edit]

Below are charts of the results that the FDP has secured in each election to the federal Bundestag. Timelines showing the number of seats and percentage of party list votes won are on the right.

Election Leader Constituency Party list Seats +/– Status
Votes % Votes %
1949 Franz Blücher 2,829,920 11.9 (#3)
52 / 410
 CDU/CSU–FDP–DP
1953 2,967,566 10.8 (#3) 2,629,163 9.5 (#3)
53 / 509
 Increase 1 CDU/CSU–FDP–DP
1957 Reinhold Maier 2,276,234 7.5 (#4) 2,307,135 7.7 (#4)
43 / 519
 Decrease 10 Opposition
1961 Erich Mende 3,866,269 12.1 (#3) 4,028,766 12.8 (#3)
67 / 521
 Increase 24 CDU/CSU–FDP
1965 2,562,294 7.9 (#4) 3,096,739 9.5 (#4)
50 / 518
 Decrease 17 CDU/CSU–FDP (1965–66)
Opposition (1966–69)
1969 Walter Scheel 1,554,651 4.8 (#4) 1,903,422 5.8 (#4)
31 / 518
 Decrease 19 SPD–FDP
1972 1,790,513 4.8 (#4) 3,129,982 8.4 (#4)
42 / 518
 Increase 11 SPD–FDP
1976 Hans-Dietrich Genscher 2,417,683 6.4 (#4) 2,995,085 7.9 (#4)
40 / 518
 Decrease 2 SPD–FDP
1980 2,720,480 7.2 (#4) 4,030,999 10.6 (#3)
54 / 519
 Increase 14 SPD–FDP (1980–82)
CDU/CSU–FDP (1982–83)
1983 1,087,918 2.8 (#5) 2,706,942 6.9 (#4)
35 / 520
 Decrease 19 CDU/CSU–FDP
1987 Martin Bangemann 1,760,496 4.7 (#5) 3,440,911 9.1 (#4)
48 / 519
 Increase 13 CDU/CSU–FDP
1990 Otto Graf Lambsdorff 3,595,135 7.8 (#3) 5,123,233 11.0 (#3)
79 / 662
 Increase 31 CDU/CSU–FDP
1994 Klaus Kinkel 1,558,185 3.3 (#6) 3,258,407 6.9 (#5)
47 / 672
 Decrease 32 CDU/CSU–FDP
1998 Wolfgang Gerhardt 1,486,433 3.0 (#6) 3,080,955 6.2 (#5)
43 / 669
 Decrease 4 Opposition
2002 Guido Westerwelle 2,752,796 5.8 (#4) 3,538,815 7.4 (#5)
47 / 603
 Increase 4 Opposition
2005 2,208,531 4.7 (#6) 4,648,144 9.8 (#3)
61 / 614
 Increase 14 Opposition
2009 4,076,496 9.4 (#4) 6,316,080 14.6 (#3)
93 / 622
 Increase 32 CDU/CSU–FDP
2013 Philipp Rösler 1,028,645 2.4 (#6) 2,083,533 4.8 (#6)
0 / 631
 Decrease 93 No seats
2017 Christian Lindner 3,249,238 7.0 (#7) 4,997,178 10.7 (#4)
80 / 709
 Increase 80 Opposition
2021 4,040,783 8.7 (#5) 5,316,698 11.4 (#4)
91 / 735
 Increase 11 SPD–Greens–FDP (2021–24)
Opposition (2024–)
Guido Westerwelle (right) and his partner Michael Mronz in 2009

European Parliament

[edit]
Alexander Graf Lambsdorff, Vice President of the European Parliament (2014–2019)
Election Votes % Seats +/– EP Group
1979 1,662,621 5.97 (#4)
4 / 81
 New LD
1984 1,192,624 4.80 (#5)
0 / 81
 Decrease 4 –
1989 1,576,715 5.59 (#6)
4 / 81
 Increase 4 LDR
1994 1,442,857 4.07 (#6)
0 / 99
 Decrease 4 –
1999 820,371 3.03 (#6)
0 / 99
 Steady 0
2004 1,565,431 6.07 (#6)
7 / 99
 Increase 7 ALDE
2009 2,888,084 10.97 (#4)
12 / 99
 Increase 5
2014 986,253 3.36 (#7)
3 / 96
 Decrease 9
2019 2,028,353 5.42 (#7)
5 / 96
 Increase 2 RE
2024 2,060,457 5.18 (#7)
5 / 96
 Steady 0

State parliaments (Länder)

[edit]
Werner Klumpp, interim Minister-President of the Saarland from 26 June 1979 to 5 July 1979
State parliament Election Votes % Seats +/– Status
Baden-Württemberg 2021 508,278 10.5 (#4)
18 / 154
 Increase 6 Opposition
Bremen 2023 64,155 5.1 (#6)
5 / 84
 Steady 0 Opposition
Bavaria 2023 413,595 3.0 (#6)
0 / 205
 Decrease 11 No seats
Berlin[a] 2023 70,416 4.6 (#6)
0 / 147
 Decrease 12 No seats
Brandenburg[a] 2024 12,462 0.8 (#10)
0 / 88
 Steady 0 No seats
Hamburg 2020 199,263 4.9 (#6)
1 / 123
 Decrease 8 Opposition
Hesse 2023 141,608 5.0 (#5)
8 / 137
 Decrease 3 Opposition
Lower Saxony 2022 170,298 4.7 (#5)
0 / 146
 Decrease 11 No seats
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern[a] 2021 52,945 5.8 (#6)
5 / 79
 Increase 5 Opposition
North Rhine-Westphalia 2022 418,460 5.9 (#4)
12 / 195
 Decrease 16 Opposition
Rhineland-Palatinate 2021 106,835 5.5 (#5)
6 / 101
 Decrease 1 SPD–Greens–FDP
Saarland 2022 21,618 4.8 (#5)
0 / 51
 Steady 0 No seats
Saxony[a] 2024 20,995 0.9 (#10)
0 / 119
 Steady 0 No seats
Saxony-Anhalt[a] 2021 68,277 6.4 (#5)
7 / 97
 Increase 7 CDU–SPD–FDP
Schleswig-Holstein 2022 88,613 6.4 (#4)
5 / 69
 Decrease 4 Opposition
Thuringia[a] 2024 13,582 1.1 (#7)
0 / 90
 Decrease 5 No seats
Best historic results for state parties
State Seats / Total % Position/Gov. Year Lead Candidate
Baden-Württemberg
23 / 121
 18.01 (#3) FDP–SPD–GB/BHE 1952 Reinhold Maier (Minister-President 1952–1953)
Bavaria
16 / 187
 8.0 (#5) CDU–FDP 2008 Martin Zeil (Deputy Minister-President 2008–2013)
Berlin
32 / 127
 23.0 (#3) CDU–FDP 1950 Carl-Hubert Schwennicke
Brandenburg
6 / 88
 6.6 (#4) SPD–Greens–FDP 1990 Knut Sandler
Bremen
12 / 100
 11.8 (#3) SPD–FDP 1951 Theodor Spitta (Deputy Mayor 1951–1955)
Hamburg
7 / 110
 18.2 (#3) SPD–FDP 1946

(as PFD)

Christian Koch (Second Mayor 1946–1950)
Hesse
21 / 80
 31.8 (#2) Opposition 1950

(as FDP–GB/BHE)

August-Martin Euler
Lower Saxony
14 / 137
 9.9 (#4) Opposition 2013 Stefan Birkner
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
4 / 66
 5.5 (#4) CDU–FDP 1990 Klaus Gollert (Deputy Minister-President 1990–1994)
North Rhine-Westphalia
28 / 199
 12.6 (#3) CDU–FDP 2017 Christian Lindner
Rhineland-Palatinate
19 / 100
 16.9 (#3) CDU–FDP 1951 Anton Eberhard
Saarland
13 / 50
 24.2 (#2) CDU–DPS–SPD 1955

(as DPS)

Fritz Schuster
Saxony
14 / 132
 10.0 (#4) CDU–FDP 2009 Holger Zastrow
Saxony-Anhalt
14 / 106
 13.5 (#3) CDU–FDP 1990 Gerd Brunner (Deputy Minister-President 1990–1991)
Schleswig-Holstein
14 / 95
 14.9 (#3) CDU–FDP 2009 Wolfgang Kubicki
Thuringia
9 / 89
 9.3 (#4) CDU–FDP 1990 Hartmut Sieckmann


Results timeline

[edit]
Year Germany
DE 		European Union
EU 		Baden-Württemberg
BW 		Bavaria
BY		 Berlin
BE		 Brandenburg
BB		 Bremen (state)
HB		 Hamburg
HH		 Hesse
HE		 Lower Saxony
NI		 Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
MV		 North Rhine-Westphalia
NW		 Rhineland-Palatinate
RP		 Saarland
SL		 Saxony
SN		 Saxony-Anhalt
ST		 Schleswig-Holstein
SH		 Thuringia
TH
Grand Duchy of Baden
SB
WB 		Württemberg-Hohenzollern
WH
1946 N/A N/A 19.5 5.7 9.3
     		20.6 18.3
   		18.2 15.7 12.5 24.7 29.9 24.6
1947 14.3     17.7     Increase 19.4    8.8     6.0 9.8 7.6         5.0    
1948     Increase 16.1
    		  
1949 11.9 [b]
1950     Increase 21.1
   		Increase 7.1 Increase 23.1 N/A Increase 31.8 N/A Increase 12.1 N/A N/A Increase 7.1 N/A
1951     Decrease 11.8 Decrease 8.3 Increase 16.7     
1952 18.0
    		       Banned
1953 Decrease 9.5     
   		[c]
1954     Increase 7.2 Decrease 12.8     Decrease 20.5 Decrease 11.5
    		Increase 7.5
1955      Decrease 8.6 Decrease 7.9
     		Decrease 12.7 24.2    
1956 Decrease 16.6    
    		      
1957 Decrease 7.7     
    		8.6
1958 Decrease 5.6 Decrease 3.8    Decrease 9.5 Decrease 7.1 Decrease 5.4
1959     Decrease 7.2 Decrease 5.2 Decrease 9.7   
1960 Decrease 15.8           Decrease 13.8
1961 Increase 12.8     Increase 9.6   
1962    Increase 5.9    Increase 11.4 Decrease 6.8 Increase 7.9
1963 Increase 7.9 Increase 8.4 Increase 8.8
   		   Increase 10.1   
1964 Decrease 13.1
   		        
1965 Decrease 9.5 Decrease 8.3
1966 Decrease 5.1 Decrease 6.8 Decrease 10.4 Increase 7.4
  
   
1967 Decrease 7.1 Increase 10.5 Decrease 6.9    Decrease 8.3 Decrease 5.9
1968 Increase 14.4            
1969 Decrease 5.8
1970    Increase 5.6 Increase 7.1 Decrease 10.1 Decrease 4.4 Decrease 5.5 Decrease 4.4
1971 Increase 8.4 Decrease 7.1          Decrease 5.9 Decrease 3.8
1972 Increase 8.4 Decrease 8.9
1973   
1974 Decrease 5.2 Increase 10.9 Decrease 7.4 Increase 7.0
  
1975 Decrease 7.1 Increase 13.0       Increase 6.7 Decrease 5.6 Increase 7.4 Increase 7.1
1976 Decrease 7.9 Decrease 7.8      
1977         
1978 Increase 6.2 Decrease 4.8 Decrease 6.6 Decrease 4.2
1979 6.0 Increase 8.1
   		Decrease 10.7    Increase 6.4 Decrease 5.7
1980 Increase 10.6 Increase 8.3 Decrease 5.0 Decrease 6.9
1981   
   		Decrease 5.6   
1982 Decrease 3.5 Increase 4.9 Decrease 3.1 Increase 5.9
1983 Decrease 6.9    Decrease 4.6 Decrease 2.6 Increase 7.6 Decrease 3.5 Decrease 2.2
1984    Decrease 4.8 Decrease 7.2
1985 Increase 8.5 Increase 6.0 Increase 10.0
1986 Increase 3.8    Increase 4.8 Increase 6.0
1987 Increase 9.1 Increase 10.0 Increase 6.5 Increase 7.8    Increase 7.3 Increase 5.2
1988    Decrease 5.9          Decrease 4.4
1989 Increase 5.6 Decrease 3.9
1990 Increase 11.0 Increase 5.2 Increase 7.1 6.6 Steady 6.0 5.5 Decrease 5.8 Decrease 5.6 5.3 13.5 9.3
1991        Decrease 9.5 Decrease 5.4 Decrease 7.4    Decrease 6.9      
1992 Steady 5.9        Increase 5.6
1993 Decrease 4.2
1994 Decrease 6.9 Decrease 4.1 Decrease 2.8 Decrease 2.2 Decrease 4.4 Decrease 3.8 Decrease 2.1 Decrease 1.7 Decrease 3.6 Decrease 3.2
1995    Decrease 2.5 Decrease 3.4 Steady 7.4 Decrease 4.0
1996 Increase 9.6 Increase 8.9 Increase 5.7
1997    Decrease 3.5   
1998 Decrease 6.2 Decrease 1.7 Increase 4.9 Decrease 1.6 Increase 4.2
1999 Decrease 3.0 Decrease 2.2 Decrease 1.9 Decrease 2.5 Decrease 5.1 Increase 2.6 Decrease 1.1 Decrease 1.1
2000    Increase 9.8 Increase 7.6
2001 Decrease 8.1 Increase 9.9 Increase 5.1 Decrease 7.8
2002 Increase 7.4        Increase 4.7    Increase 13.3
2003 Increase 2.6 Increase 4.2 Increase 7.9 Increase 8.1   
2004 Increase 6.1 Increase 3.3 Decrease 2.8    Increase 5.2 Increase 5.9 Increase 3.6
2005 Increase 9.8 Decrease 6.2 Decrease 6.6
2006 Increase 10.7 Decrease 7.6 Increase 9.6    Increase 8.0 Decrease 6.7
2007    Increase 6.0
2008 Increase 8.0 Increase 4.8 Increase 9.4 Increase 8.2
2009 Increase 14.6 Increase 11.0    Increase 7.2 Increase 16.2    Increase 9.2 Increase 10.0 Increase 14.9 Increase 7.6
2010       Increase 6.7          
2011 Decrease 5.3 Decrease 1.8 Decrease 2.4 Increase 6.7 Decrease 2.8 Decrease 4.2 Decrease 3.8
2012 Increase 8.6 Decrease 1.2 Decrease 8.2
2013 Decrease 4.8 Decrease 3.3 Decrease 5.0 Increase 9.9
2014 Decrease 3.5 Decrease 1.5 Decrease 3.8 Decrease 2.5
2015 Increase 6.6 Increase 7.4
2016 Increase 8.3 Increase 6.7 Increase 3.0 Increase 6.2 Increase 4.9
2017 Increase 10.7 Decrease 7.5 Increase 12.6     Increase 3.3 Increase 11.5
2018 Increase 5.1 Increase 7.5       
2019 Increase 5.4 Increase 4.1 Decrease 5.9 Increase 4.5 Increase 5.0
2020 Decrease 4.9
2021 Increase 11.4 Increase 10.5 Increase 7.2 Increase 5.8 Decrease 5.5 Increase 6.4
2022     Decrease 4.7 Decrease 5.9     Increase 4.8     Decrease 6.4
2023 Decrease 3.0 Decrease 4.6 Decrease 5.1 Decrease 5.0
2024 Decrease 5.2 Decrease 0.8 Decrease 0.9 Decrease 1.1
Year Germany
DE 		European Union
EU 		Baden-Württemberg
BW		 Bavaria
BY		 Berlin
BE		 Brandenburg
BB 		Bremen (state)
HB		 Hamburg
HH		 Hesse
HE		 Lower Saxony
NI		 Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
MV		 North Rhine-Westphalia
NW		 Rhineland-Palatinate
RP		 Saarland
SL		 Saxony
SN		 Saxony-Anhalt
ST		 Schleswig-Holstein
SH		 Thuringia
TH
Bold indicates best result to date.
  Present in legislature (in opposition)
  Junior coalition partner
  Senior coalition partner

Leadership

[edit]
Main article: Leader of the Free Democratic Party (Germany)
Hans-Dietrich Genscher served almost continuously as Foreign Minister and Vice Chancellor from 1974 to 1992.
Wolfgang Gerhardt

Leader of the FDP

[edit]
Leader Year
1 Theodor Heuss 1948–1949
2 Franz Blücher 1949–1954
3 Thomas Dehler 1954–1957
4 Reinhold Maier 1957–1960
5 Erich Mende 1960–1968
6 Walter Scheel 1968–1974
7 Hans-Dietrich Genscher 1974–1985
8 Martin Bangemann 1985–1988
9 Otto Graf Lambsdorff 1988–1993
10 Klaus Kinkel 1993–1995
11 Wolfgang Gerhardt 1995–2001
12 Guido Westerwelle 2001–2011
13 Philipp Rösler 2011–2013
14 Christian Lindner 2013–present

Leader of the FDP in the Bundestag

[edit]
Leader in the Bundestag Year
1 Theodor Heuss 1949
2 Hermann Schäfer
(First term) 		1949–1951
3 August-Martin Euler 1951–1952
(2) Hermann Schäfer
(Second term) 		1952–1953
4 Thomas Dehler 1953–1957
5 Max Becker 1957
6 Erich Mende 1957–1963
7 Knut von Kühlmann-Stumm 1963–1968
8 Wolfgang Mischnick 1968–1991
9 Hermann Otto Solms 1991–1998
10 Wolfgang Gerhardt 1998–2006
11 Guido Westerwelle 2006–2009
12 Birgit Homburger 2009–2011
13 Rainer Brüderle 2011–2013
No seats in the Bundestag 2013–2017
14 Christian Lindner 2017–2021
15 Christian Dürr 2021–present

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ These regionally organised liberal parties were the Bremian Democratic People's Party (BDV) in the state of Bremen, the Democratic Party of Southern and Middle Baden (DemP) in the State of South Baden, the Democratic Party (DP) in the State of Rhineland-Palatinate, the Democratic People's Party of Northern Württemberg-Northern Baden (DVP) in the State of Württemberg-Baden, the Democratic People's Party of Southern Württemberg-Hohenzollern (DVP) in the State of Württemberg-Hohenzollern, the united Free Democratic Party (F.D.P.) of the British zone of occupation (consisting of five state associations), the Free Democratic Party (F.D.P.) in the Free State of Bavaria, the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) in the State of Hesse, and the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) of West Berlin. Cf. Almut Leh and Alexander von Plato, Ein unglaublicher Frühling: erfahrene Geschichte im Nachkriegsdeutschland 1945–1948, Bundeszentrale für Politische Bildung (ed.), Bonn: Bundeszentrale für Politische Bildung, 1997, p. 77. ISBN 3-89331-298-6
  1. ^ a b c d e f Formerly part of East Germany
  2. ^ With the Father-City League of Hamburg.
  3. ^ With the Hamburg Bloc.

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ welt.de (November 2024). ""Neuer Rekord" – Grüne freuen sich über viele neue Mitglieder - WELT". Welt (in German).
  2. ^ "Freie Demokratische Partei. Gestaltungsfreiheiten".
  3. ^ a b Marks, Gary; Wilson, Carole (1999). "National Parties and the Contestation of Europe". In T. Banchoff; Smith, Mitchell P. (eds.). Legitimacy and the European Union. Taylor & Francis. p. 123. ISBN 978-0-415-18188-4. Retrieved 26 August 2012.
  4. ^ a b Breukers, Sylvia (2007). Changing Institutional Landscapes for Implementing Wind Power: A Geographical Comparison of Institutional Capacity Building: the Netherlands, England and North Rhine-Westphalia. Amsterdam University Press. p. 188. ISBN 978-90-5629-454-0.
  5. ^ Mark N. Franklin; Thomas T. Mackie; Henry Valen (2009). Electoral Change: Responses to Evolving Social and Attitudinal Structures in Western Countries. ECPR Press. p. 186. ISBN 978-0-955-82031-1.
  6. ^ "Ergebnisse der FDP bei den jeweils letzten Landtagswahlen in den Bundesländern bis 2021". Statista.
  7. ^ Pollach, Günter; Wischermann, Jörg; Zeuner, Bodo, eds. (2000). Ein nachhaltig anderes Parteiensystem: Profile und Beziehungen von Parteien in ostdeutschen Kommunen – Ergebnisse einer Befragung von Kommunalpolitikern. Lesker + Budrich. p. 116. ISBN 978-3-322-93227-3.
  8. ^ "Free Democratic Party (FDP)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 28 June 2017.
  9. ^
  10. ^ Mintzel, Alf (1976). Staritz, Dietrich (ed.). Besatzungspolitik und Entwicklung der bürgerlichen Parteien in den Westzonen (1945–1949). Leske + Budrich. p. 79.
  11. ^ "Heppenheimer Proklamation der Freien Demokratischen Partei" [Heppenheim Proclamation of the Free Democratic Party] (PDF). 12 December 1948. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 September 2015. Retrieved 12 November 2013.
  12. ^ "Foreign Relations of the United States, 1952–1954, Germany and Austria, Volume VII, Part 1". United States: Office of the Historian, State Department.
  13. ^ a b Leuschner, Udo. "Schwarz-weiß-rot mit braunen Flecken – Die FDP muß erkennen, daß es rechts von der CDU/CSU nicht viel zu holen gibt". Die Geschichte der FDP.
  14. ^ Schwarz, Hans-Peter (2008). Die Bundesrepublik Deutschland: Eine Bilanz nach 60 Jahren. Böhlau. p. 66. ISBN 978-3-412-20237-8.
  15. ^ a b Peter H. Merkl (1989). The Federal Republic of Germany at Forty: Union Without Unity. NYU Press. p. 335. ISBN 978-0-81-475446-7.
  16. ^ "Übersicht". bundeswahlleiter.de. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 5 February 2016.
  17. ^ Merkel to head new center-right government Deutsche Welle 27 September 2009.
  18. ^ "CDU and FDP form coalition in Schleswig-Holstein". The Local Germany. The Local Europe AB. Retrieved 7 October 2022.
  19. ^ Kundnani, Hans (24 August 2009). "Germany's Liberal Collapse". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 3 June 2012.
  20. ^ Brian Parkin and Tony Czuczka (23 September 2013), German 'King Makers' FDP Face Parliamentary Exile Bloomberg News.
  21. ^ Witting, Volker (25 November 2021). "Who is Christian Lindner, Germany's new Finance Minister?". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
  22. ^ Leon Mangasarian (17 September 2013), Merkel's FDP Ally Begs for Her Party's Votes in Survival Fight Bloomberg News.
  23. ^ "Rot-Grün als "große Koalition"", Stern, 23 May 2011, archived from the original on 25 September 2012, retrieved 15 May 2012
  24. ^ "Berlin pirates force FDP to walk the plank". Irishtimes.com. 19 September 2011. Retrieved 3 June 2012.
  25. ^ Kulish, Nicholas (13 May 2012). "Angela Merkel's Party Loses State Election in Germany". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2 January 2022.
  26. ^ Hough, Dan; Koß, Michael; Olsen, Jonathan (2007). The Left Party in Contemporary German Politics. Springer. ISBN 978-0-230-59214-8.
  27. ^ "Übersicht". bundeswahlleiter.de. Archived from the original on 5 July 2015.
  28. ^ "German election: Preliminary coalition talks collapse after FDP walks out | DW | 19.11.2017". Deutsche Welle.
  29. ^ "German coalition talks collapse after deadlock on migration and energy". TheGuardian.com. 20 November 2017.
  30. ^ How five votes put Germany's Free Democrats in Thuringia state parliament, The Local (28 October 2019).
  31. ^ "Germany AfD: Thuringia PM quits amid fury over far right". BBC. 8 February 2020.
  32. ^ "Germany's 6Thuringia gets left-wing state premier in re-run vote". 4 March 2020.
  33. ^ Rinke, Andreas; Marsh, Sarah (24 November 2021). "Auf wiedersehen Angela as three-way coalition signs governing pact". Reuters.
  34. ^ "Germany: SPD maintains winning streak in Saarland vote". Deutsche Welle. 27 March 2022.
  35. ^ "Germany: Scholz's party defeated in bellwether North Rhine-Westphalia election". Deutsche Welle. 15 May 2022.
  36. ^ "Germany: Lower Saxony election a boost for Chancellor Olaf Scholz". Deutsche Welle. 9 October 2022.
  37. ^ "Berlin election win boosts German conservatives". Deutsche Welle. 13 February 2023.
  38. ^ "Landtagswahl 2023 in Bayern: Aktuelle Umfrage bestätigt Trend – CSU und Freie Wähler als Regierungskoalition". inFranken.de (in German). Retrieved 4 May 2023.
  39. ^ "German far right wins first major election since World War II". POLITICO. 1 September 2024. Retrieved 5 September 2024.
  40. ^ "AfD victory in Thuringia: Scholz urges 'firewall' to keep out far right". BBC News. 2 September 2024. Retrieved 5 September 2024.
  41. ^ tagesschau.de. "Kanzler Scholz entlässt Finanzminister Lindner". tagesschau.de (in German). Retrieved 6 November 2024.
  42. ^ "German government coalition collapses as Scholz sacks Finance Minister Lindner". POLITICO. 6 November 2024. Retrieved 6 November 2024.
  43. ^ Scheib, Katrin; Daniel, Isabelle; AFP (7 November 2024). "Zukunft der Bundesregierung: Wissing übernimmt Justizministerium, Özdemir Bildungsministerium". Die Zeit (in German). ISSN 0044-2070. Retrieved 11 November 2024.
  44. ^ "Political wrangling starts after German coalition collapse – DW – 11/07/2024". Deutsche Welle.
  45. ^ Donald P. Green; Bradley Palmquist; Eric Schickler, eds. (2002). Partisan Hearts and Minds: Political Parties and the Social Identities of Voters. Yale University Press. p. 188. ISBN 978-0-300-13200-7. In Germany, the centrist FDP has often held the balance of power in coalition governments, allying with either the SPD or the CDU/ CSU.
  46. ^ "AfD takes hard-right nationalism to heart of German democracy". Financial Times. 24 September 2017. Retrieved 16 February 2023. Christian Lindner, head of the centrist FDP party, said that from his experience in his home state, North Rhine-Westphalia, whenever it came to tough work of drawing up laws, "the AfD MPs were always to be found in the cafeteria".
  47. ^ Laura Block (2016). Policy Frames on Spousal Migration in Germany: Regulating Membership, Regulating the Family. Springer Nature. p. 205. ISBN 978-3-658-13296-5.
  48. ^ Erol Külahci, ed. (2014). Europeanisation and Party Politics: How the EU affects Domestic Actors, Patterns and Systems. ECPR Press. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-907301-84-1. German politics ultimately evolved from an impressively stable two-and-a-half party system – the CDU-CSU, the SPD and the centre-right Free Democratic Party – in the fifty years after the formation of the Federal Republic ...
  49. ^ "German Greens, FDP cosy up as coalition dance begins". Reuters. 7 September 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2023. Both the centre-left SPD and Chancellor Angela Merkel's conservative bloc, which slumped to a record low result, would need the centre-right FDP and leftist Greens as partners to get a parliamentary majority for a coalition government.
  50. ^ "Bundestag slams AfD, reaffirms Holocaust remembrance". Deutsche Welle. 23 February 2018. Retrieved 27 January 2023. Members of the Social Democrats, the center-right Free Democratic Party and the Left Party echoed those sentiments.
  51. ^ [47][48][49][50]
  52. ^ "Achille Mbembe and the fantasy of separation". openDemocracy. 29 May 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2023.
  53. ^ Sona N. Golder; Ignacio Lago; André Blais; Elisabeth Gidengil; Thomas Gschwend, eds. (2017). Multi-Level Electoral Politics: Beyond the Second-Order Election Model. Oxford University Press. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-19-250917-8. Germany In Germany, a coalition government composed of the CDU/CSU and the small right-wing FDP was in office at the national level from 2009 to 2013. At the subnational level, a coalition between the CSU and the FDP was in power ...
  54. ^ Peter Egge Langsæther (2023). Party Families in Western Europe. Routledge. p. 1973. ISBN 9780429809934.
  55. ^ a b Thomas König; Bernd Luig; Sven-Oliver Proksch; Jonathan B. Slapin (2010). "Measuring Policy Positive of Veto Players in Parliamentary Democracies". In Thomas König; George Tsebelis; Marc Debus (eds.). Reform Processes and Policy Change: Veto Players and Decision-Making in Modern Democracies. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 89. ISBN 978-1-441-95809-9.
  56. ^ André Krouwel (2020). "Political Parties". In Neil Robinson; Rory Costello (eds.). Comparative European Politics: Distinctive Democracies, Common Challenges. Oxford University Press. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-19-881140-4.
  57. ^ Slomp, Hans (2000). European Politics into the Twenty-first Century: Integration and Division. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-275-96800-7.
  58. ^ Slomp, Hans (2011). Europe, a Political Profile: An American Companion to European Politics. ABC-CLIO. p. 377. ISBN 978-0-313-39181-1.
  59. ^ George, Stephen (1996). Politics and Policy in the European Union (3rd ed.). University Press. p. 98. ISBN 978-0-19-878190-5.
  60. ^ Günter Bischof; Fritz Plasser (2008). The Changing Austrian Voter. Transaction Publishers. p. 152. ISBN 978-1-412-81932-9.
  61. ^ a b Immerfall, Stefan; Sobisch, Andreas (1997). "Party System in Transition". In Zimmer, Matthias (ed.). Germany: Phoenix in trouble?. Edmonton: University of Alberta. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-88864-305-6.
  62. ^ a b Gunlicks, Arthur B. (2003). The Länder and German federalism. Manchester: Manchester University Press. p. 268. ISBN 978-0-7190-6533-0.
  63. ^ Duignan, Brian, ed. (2013). The Science and Philosophy of Politics. Britannica Educational Publishing. p. 121. ISBN 978-1-61530-748-7.
  64. ^ Gordon Smith (1995). "The Moderate Right in the German Party System". In Peter H. Merkl (ed.). The Federal Republic of Germany at Forty-Five: Union without Unity. Peter Lang. p. 269. ISBN 978-1-349-13520-2.
  65. ^ Ricky Van Oers (2013). Deserving Citizenship: Citizenship Tests in Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 263. ISBN 978-9-00-425107-6.
  66. ^ a b Florian Grotz; Wolfgang Schroeder (2023). The Political System of Germany. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 216. ISBN 978-3-031-32479-6.
  67. ^ Christopher S. Allen (2004). "Ordoliberalism Trumps Keynesianism: Economic Policy in the Federal Republic of Germany and the EU". In Bernard H. Moss (ed.). Monetary Union in Crisis: The European Union as a Neo-Liberal Construction. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 214. ISBN 9780230524002.
  68. ^ Craig Morris; Arne Jungjohann (2016). Energy Democracy: Germany's Energiewende to Renewables. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 113. ISBN 978-3-319-31891-2.
  69. ^ Louise K. Davidson-Schmich (2016). Gender Quotas and Democratic Participation: Recruiting Candidates for Elective Offices in Germany. University of Michigan Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-472-11974-5.
  70. ^ Michael A. Hansen (2024). Political Entrepreneurship in the Age of Dealignment: The Populist Far-right Alternative for Germany. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 119. ISBN 978-3-031-50890-5.
  71. ^ Herbert Kitschelt (2004). "Political-Economic Context and Partisan Strategies in the German Federal Elections, 1990–2002". In Herbert Kitschelt; Wolfgang Streeck (eds.). Germany: Beyond the Stable State. Routledge. p. 127. ISBN 978-1-135-75518-8.
  72. ^ Ruud van Dijk, ed. (2008). Encyclopedia of the Cold War, Volume 1. London: Taylor & Francis. p. 541. ISBN 978-0-415-97515-5.
  73. ^ a b c Jefferson Chase, What you need to know about Germany's liberals, the Free Democratic Party, Deutsche Welle (24 September 2017).
  74. ^ Kommers, Donald P. (1997). The Constitutional Jurisprudence of the Federal Republic of Germany. Durham: Duke University Press. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-8223-1838-5.
  75. ^ Kesselman, Mark (1997). European Politics in Transition. Durham: D.C. Heath. p. 247. ISBN 978-0-669-24443-4.
  76. ^ [62][72][61][73][74][75]
  77. ^ Shawn Donnelly (2004). Reshaping Economic and Monetary Union: Membership Rules and Budget Policies in Germany, France and Spain. Manchester University Press. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-719-06850-8.
  78. ^ von Hein, Matthias (10 August 2021). "Germany sends firefighters to wildfires in Greece". Deutsche Welle (DW). Retrieved 27 September 2021.
  79. ^ "Germany votes: Projections give Social Democrats narrow lead". Deutsche Welle (DW). 27 September 2021. Retrieved 27 September 2021. The neoliberal Free Democrats' (FDP) color is yellow
  80. ^ Mayer, Catherine (17 September 2013). "Germany's Elections: Merkel, Europe's Most Important Leader, Faces a Complex Challenge". Time. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
  81. ^ Hockenos, Paul (21 July 2016). "Ax-Wielding Terrorists and Germany's Stiff Upper Lippe". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
  82. ^ [78][79][80][81]
  83. ^ a b M. Donald Hancock et al., Politics in Europe (CQ Press, 2015), pp. 265–66.
  84. ^ Emilie van Haute; Caroline Close, eds. (2019). Liberal parties in Europe. ... the classical-liberal German FDP, which has tried to keep a centrist position between the CDU/CSU and the SPD; the social-liberal D66; and the conservative-liberal Fiannal Fail (although it has recently tended to move towards a more ...
  85. ^ Georg Picot (2013). Politics of Segmentation: Party Competition and Social Protection in Europe. Routledge. p. 111. ISBN 978-1-136-47681-5.
  86. ^ Charlotte Galpin (2017). The Euro Crisis and European Identities: Political and Media Discourse in Germany, Ireland and Poland. Springer. p. 83. ISBN 978-3-319-51611-0.
  87. ^ William Callison (2022). "The Historical Context of Ordoliberalism's Theoretical Development". In Thomas Biebricher; Werner Bonefeld; Peter Nedergaard (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Ordoliberalism. Oxford University Press. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-19-260543-6.
  88. ^ Aurélie Dianara Andry (2022). Social Europe, the Road Not Taken: The Left and European Integration in the Long 1970s. Oxford University Press. p. 223. ISBN 978-0-19-286709-4.
  89. ^ Frank Uekotter (2017). The Greenest Nation?: A New History of German Environmentalism. MIT Press. p. 90. ISBN 978-0-26-253469-7.
  90. ^ Frank Titpon (2003). A History of Modern Germany Since 1815. A&C Black. p. 656. ISBN 978-0-82-644910-8.
  91. ^ Abraham L. Newman (2008). Protectors of Privacy: Regulating Personal Data in the Global Economy. Cornell University Press. p. 51. ISBN 978-0-8014-4549-1.
  92. ^ Christian Søe (2005). "A False Dawn for Germany's Liberals: The Rise and Fall of Project 18". In David P. Conradt; Gerald R. Kleinfeld; Christian Søe (eds.). Precarious Victory: The 2002 German Federal Election and Its Aftermath. Berghahn. p. 117. ISBN 978-1-571-81864-5.
  93. ^ a b Gerard Braunthal (2009). Right-Wing Extremism in Contemporary Germany. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 158. ISBN 978-0-23025-116-8.
  94. ^ a b David Art (2006). The Politics of the Nazi Past in Germany and Austria. Cambridge University Press. p. 171. ISBN 978-1-139-44883-3.
  95. ^ Christian Søe (2000). "Neoliberal Stirrings: The "New" FDP and Some Old Habits". In David P. Conradt; Gerald R. Kleinfeld; Christian Søe (eds.). Power Shift in Germany: The 1998 Election and the End of the Kohl Era. Berghahn. p. 68. ISBN 978-1-571-81200-1.
  96. ^ Lars Rensmann; Julius H. Rensmann (2011). "Politics and Resentment: Examining antisemitism and counter-cosmopolitanism in the European Union and beyond". In Lars Rensmann; Julius H. Schoeps (eds.). Politics and Resentment: Antisemitism and Counter-Cosmopolitanism in the European Union. BRILL. p. 59. ISBN 978-9-004-19046-7.
  97. ^ David F. Patton (2005). "Dogs That Did Not Bark: German Exceptionalism Reconsidered". In David P. Conradt; Gerald R. Kleinfeld; Christian Søe (eds.). Precarious Victory: The 2002 German Federal Election and Its Aftermath. Berghahn. p. 181. ISBN 978-1-571-81864-5.
  98. ^ Joel Lewin, How the policies of Germany's political parties match up, Financial Times (28 August 2017).
  99. ^ Germany delays roll-out of medical marijuana, Deutsche Welle (27 December 2018).
  100. ^ Kathleen Schuster, 5 facts about cannabis laws in Germany, Deutsche Welle (10 March 2018).
  101. ^ Louise K. Davidson-Schmich, "Amending Germany's Life Partnership Law: Emerging Attention to Lesbians' Concerns" in Gender, Intersections, and Institutions: Intersectional Groups Building Alliances and Gaining Voice in Germany (ed. Louise K. Davidson-Schmich: University of Michigan Press, 2017), p. 216.
  102. ^ Davidson-Schmich, Louise K. (2 October 2017). "LGBT Politics in Germany: Unification as a Catalyst for Change". German Politics. 26 (4): 534–55. doi:10.1080/09644008.2017.1370705. ISSN 0964-4008. S2CID 158602084.
  103. ^ Cook, Michael (18 August 2019). "Push in Germany for legalisation of surrogacy". BioEdge. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
  104. ^ "FDP expert seeks legalizing surrogacy – BioTexCom – Center for Human Reproduction". Retrieved 29 August 2023.
  105. ^ Eve Hepburn, Using Europe: Territorial Party Strategies in a Multi-level System (Manchester University Press, 2013).
  106. ^ Sebastian U. Bukow, "It's (not only) the Economy, Stupid?: Past and Future of the German Liberal Party" in Liberal Parties in Europe (eds. Emilie van Haute & Caroline Close: Routledge, 2019), p. 157.
  107. ^ Christian Schweiger, "Germany" in The 2009 Elections to the European Parliament (ed. Julia Lodge: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010), p. 129.
  108. ^ a b Steffen Stierle, Germany's liberals sign off on European election programme, EURACTIV (29 January 2019).
  109. ^ Miki Caul Kittilson, Challenging Parties, Changing Parliaments: Women and Elected Office in Contemporary Western Europe (Ohio State University Press, 2006), pp. 94–95.
  110. ^ a b Joseph A. Biesinger, Germany: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present (Facts on File: 2006), p. 296.
  111. ^ Germany's political parties CDU, CSU, SPD, AfD, FDP, Left party, Greens – what you need to know, Deutsche Welle, 25 March 2019.
  112. ^ Stuart Parkes, Understanding Contemporary Germany (Routledge, 1997), p. 62.
  113. ^ Christian Søe, "Neoliberal Stirrings: The 'New' FDP and Some Old Habits" in Power Shift in Germany: The 1998 Election and the End of the Kohl Era (ed. George K. Romoser), p. 59.
  114. ^ Benjamin Wehrmann, Green Party, FDP most popular parties among young voters in German election, Clean Energy Wire (28 September 2021).
  115. ^ Politbarometer, September 26, 2021 Archived 28 October 2021 at the Wayback Machine, Forschungsgruppe Wahlen, E.V.
  116. ^ "FDP: The return of the kingmaker". Deutsche Welle. 27 September 2021. Retrieved 27 January 2023. The FDP's natural voters are the same as the Green party's — younger, politically centrist professionals living in cities, unmoored both from the traditional working-class voter base of the SPD and the traditional Christian voter base of the CDU.
  117. ^ "Home | Nicola BEER | MEPs | European Parliament". europarl.europa.eu. 23 January 1970. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
  118. ^ "Home | Andreas GLÜCK | MEPs | European Parliament". europarl.europa.eu. 8 March 1975. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
  119. ^ "Home | Svenja HAHN | MEPs | European Parliament". europarl.europa.eu. 25 July 1989. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
  120. ^ "Home | Moritz KÖRNER | MEPs | European Parliament". europarl.europa.eu. 3 August 1990. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
  121. ^ "Home | Jan-Christoph OETJEN | MEPs | European Parliament". europarl.europa.eu. 21 February 1978. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
  122. ^ "Member Page CoR".
  123. ^ "CoR Members Page".

References

[edit]
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Freie Demokratische Partei.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)&oldid=1260253474"